The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1320 Words

Satisfaction does not comes easy nor does it occur right away. Those who live a prosperous life and those who don’t are seen as different in society, but both may crave more in life to become satisfied. The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is narrated by Nick Carraway who lives in the East Egg of New York. Nick has only lived in New York for a short period of time and starts to become fascinated with his notorious neighbor, Gatsby. Shortly after becoming acquainted with Gatsby, Nick discovers that Gatsby is madly in love with his cousin Daisy, who is married to Tom Buchanan. Tom trusts Nick immediately since he is Daisy’s cousin and allows Nick to meet his mistress, Myrtle. Even though it may seem as if Tom lives the perfect†¦show more content†¦The social ranking of higher class has always been associated with Tom even while growing up. Since Tom is expected to fulfill the ideals of the higher class image he has done things that allow him to represe nt his image. During one of his parties Gatsby introduces Tom by exclaiming, â€Å"‘Mrs. Buchanan . . . and Mr. Buchanan---† After an instant’s hesitation he added: â€Å"the polo player.† â€Å"Oh, no,† objected Tom quickly, â€Å"not me†(105). To continue to be accepted into his social class Tom played polo even though he did not enjoy it. Tom is a muscular guy and played football in college, and polo is a less of a physical sport. Daisy also belongs in a higher social class, and it is expected that Tom treat her with great respect. But Tom who is aggressive is not afraid to physically harm his mistress, Myrtle. While arguing Myrtle would not stop saying Daisy’s name, which Tom dislikes but she continued, â€Å"‘Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!† shouted Mrs. Wilson. â€Å"I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai---† Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand†(37). Even though Tom is from a higher class and has to keep his public image clean when it comes to Myrtle who belongs in a much lower social class than Daisy, Tom doesn’t think twice about harming her. Even if he hurts Myrtle in any way he knows that she always comes back to him since she has the idea of being wealthy wrapped around her head.

Corporate Systems Area Of Humana - 3650 Words

I moved into the IT Corporate Systems area of Humana approximately five years ago. This area includes the Finance and Human Resources IT areas. The first project that I worked on upon moving into the area became my first failed project. The Director over the IT area was ultimately fired as a result of the project going very wrong and the loss of confidence in leadership by both business and IT leaders. The project was based on performing cost allocations of operational expenses within Humana. The IT Director had chosen a tool, without agreement from the business area, and had hired a consulting firm to implement the tool. The Finance business area had previously reviewed this tool and had stated that it did not meet their requirements. IT moved forward anyway and attempted to build the tool without Finance leadership approval. It was destined for failure from the start. The Finance business area repeatedly stated their desire to go in a different direction but IT continued to press a head. After the project was cancelled, the senior leadership of IT had determined that new leadership was needed within the Corporate Systems space and after working as a project manager on the project I was asked to lead the teams that had been working on the failed project. To add another level of conflict, a reduction in force (RIF) had occurred at approximately the same time and the members of the Finance IT team felt that the team was excessively punished due to the number of people thatShow MoreRelatedKindred Healthcare And Humana Inc.1381 Words   |  6 Pages Kindred HealthCare and Humana Inc. are the two companies chosen to conduct the Human Resources interview. Kindred Healthcare, Inc. is a healthcare services company that through its subsidiaries operates hospitals, nursing centers, home health, hospice and non-medical home care locations and a contract rehabilitation services business across the United States (About Kindred, n.d.). Humana Inc. is one of the nation s leading health and well-being companies. Humana operates in three segments:Read MoreCase Study : Humana Inc.3312 Words   |  14 PagesHumana Inc. is a for-profit health insurance company. In 1961, it was founded as a nursing home company, but a decade later it turned its focus to hospitals. The current name, Humana Inc., was established in 1974. As business grew at a healthy rate through 1980, Humana owned 90 hospitals in 23 states and two European countries, becoming one of the largest hospital companies in the world (Rowley, 2011, p. 31). Between 1984 and 2006, Humana became a player in the health insurance industry, and hasRead MoreHumana Insurance Anaylsis4317 Words   |  18 PagesExecutive Summary As a Fortune 150 company with a 45-year history in the health industry and more than eleven million members under its wings, Humana has become one of the largest health benefit company in the U.S. With its slogan, â€Å"Guidance when you need it most†, Humana has gain their success through their diverse business units, outstanding wellness program and reliable customer service. The company is basically operates through two business division: government and commercial. The governmentRead MoreO Experience Driving Large Scale Change With Management System Deployment?1482 Words   |  6 Pageso Experience driving large scale change with Management System deployment? ï‚ § SkyTech Inc. - Lead Project Manager of 5-person team on critical CRM implementation for a regional multi-million dollar General Aviation sales firm spanning multiple geographical locations. Implementation was the first time company upgraded from a home grown CRM to an Off-the-shelf solution. Overcame Senior Executive leadership’s reluctance to migrate IP to new platform. Worked closely with Marketing Director to ensureRead MoreThe Chicago School Of Professional Psychology1680 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess. There is one Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) that took the significant role in this transition and it called the Health Net, Inc. Among the biggest names of all HMOs, Health Net serves the most CBAS beneficiaries in Greater Los Angeles area (Health, 2016). Health Net is a national health insurance organization that provides approximately 5.9 million people in the United States, healthcare through individual, Medicare, Medicaid, and Veterans Affairs program. Health Net is also knownRead MoreGeneral Background Details On The Company Aetna Essay2072 Words   |  9 PagesInc., which goes under the New York Stock Exchange symbol â€Å"AET†, is trading at $111.253. According to the official company webpage, the current mission of Aetna is to provide simplified insights into medical costs, focus on improving the health care system by working with doctors and hospitals, and using technology to streamline healthcare information. In order to separate itself out from other competitors, Aetna communicates that it is committed to having integrity, respecting customers, and exploringRead MoreLeadership and Organizational Behavior in Action Essay7629 Words   |  31 Pageslocations to offset economic booms and busts. Maersk Line is a container shipping company that is hoping to use a healthy cash balance sheet and cost-cutting to ride out the storm. Microsoft’s Latin America Global Partner Support relies on its corporate culture to continue to provide excellent results despite the economic times. Political factors that can influence an organization come in many forms. Regulations concerning the environment, zoning, and tax structures are some example. TheRead MoreQuestions On The Environment And The Healthcare Industry3631 Words   |  15 Pageslocal pharmacy. With mobile apps, fitness bands, technology is giving the healthcare industry a greatly desired upgrade. Conclusion and Recommendations Current Status of the industry: Healthcare industry is dominated by a few key players like Aetna, Humana and CIGA. The competition among these corporations is very intense. The average profitability with health insurance related companies is 3.1%. (MorningStar Key Stats). The industry is highly capital intensive and the firms need to be strong enoughRead MoreMarketing Strategy and the Contemporary Challenges in Marketing Effectivness: a Case Study15886 Words   |  64 Pagesenvironmental responsibilities, and greater use of marketing by not- for- profit and public sector organizations. The new, connected millennium offers exciting possibilities for forward thinking marketers. Not only the integration of marketing system could be a challenge to marketing effectiveness but the interaction among various departments and units also pose with service problems. As Kotler pointed out when all the company’s departments work together to serve the customer’s interests, theRead MoreCoffee and Crisis Management Team21317 Words   |  86 Pagespartners and organization, in the event of a crisis, to respond and recover from disasters or other unplanned business interruptions. Planning in advance of these interruptions allows our partners and organization to identify the people, equipment, systems, and timeframes needed to initiate, recover, and restore operations as quickly as possible. Crisis management is much more than dealing with a crisis, it is stopping and avoiding as crisis as well. It is about prevention, planning, and damage control

Global Fast Fashion Analysis Of Clothing Retailer & Its Competitor

Question: Analyse the an international fast fashion clothing retailer and its competitor. Answer: Introduction The main objective of this study is to draw out the comparison between the two companies. The two companies that have been undertaken in this study is HM and Uniqlo as they have achieved their success through numerous business strategies and how they have managed to influenced each other. The project despite having an economic approach aspires to highlight the customers value proposition in the retail-clothing sector. The project gives a basic overview regarding the basic concepts behind the comparative study of both companies, which operates in the fast fashion to facilitate the understanding of the customers and the prevailing market competition. In addition to this the study draws out the comparison in terms of their commercial profile by analysing and confronting them based on global marketing strategies which lead them to success on international stage (Grace and Lo Iacono 2015). Consumer perceived value proposition for HM: Perception is regarded as key for every business. The perceived value of consumer is regarding a brand is what the marketers demand in order to compel a customer to buy a product. This is how a product is justified weather it is a premium product or not. If the consumer perceive that their dedication is towards the quality as brands which luxury have dissipated (Wong and Yazdanifard 2014). Several marketers and sales teams have mastered the art of dangling the designer clothing brand over the consumers with average purchasing power. Several marketers have undertaken the strategy of implementing high price in order to keep the value of brand and consumer perception of middle class families to purchase their product. Benefit of shopping at fast fashion cloths Sacrifices of visiting supermarkets Convenience a. Wide selection of products which goes beyond the scope of fashion b. Large number of retail outlets located centrally c. Ease of access for both pedestrians and vehicles Monetary a. Cost involved in purchase of retail cloths b. Cost involved for the customers to travel to the retail outlets Monetary a. Affordable prices b. Rewarding schemes c. Points scoring vouchers Efforts a. Time involved by a customer to travel stores b. The time a consumer consumes to purchase a product Quality a. Items which are standardised and backed by the consumer regulation standards b. Large brands which offers certain degree of quality and trust Social a. Social esteem associated with large brand names b. Self esteem from purchasing higher quality of goods Health a. Stress arsing due to overcrowding in retail outlets as result of this consumers are unable to purchase products Opportunities a. The lack of opportunity to buy high quality goods. Table 1 (Consumer perceived value proposition) Source (Grace and Lo Iacono 2015. pp.560-570.) Intrinsic vs Extrinsic value: Extrinsic Intrinsic Active a. Wide range of products available for selection b. Large number of outlets are located centrally c. Offers service 24x7 d. Online shopping includes door to door delivery through the use of smart phone application e. Offering ease of access a. Offers the flexibility of purchasing luxurious and branded clothes. b. Offering recreational opportunities in stores such as serving coffee and some sort of refreshments. Reactive a. Products are under the regulation of consumer standard. b. Established brand names facilitate certain level of quality and trust among the consumers (Zimmerma 2012) a. Neat and clean outlets b. Easy and simple to follow the outlays of stores (Gallarza et al 2016). c. Attractive display of products to attract consumers. Other orientations a. Enhancement of customers self esteem through high quality goods. a. Preserving the ecological surrounding through the use of environmentally friendly bags b. Establishing a community support schemes. Table 2 (Intrinsic value vs. Extrinsic value) Source (Zimmerman, M.J., 2012. Intrinsic vs. extrinsic value) Target market: HM has expanded exponentially during the last decade from a small family business to a global sensation rivalling the giants like Uniqlo, which is one the retail apparel fast fashion industry. HM target market is very broad since they do not define the target market by segmenting the ages and lifestyle as traditional retailers do. HM generally targets the youth and educated mass of people who prefers fashions, as they are sensitive to fashion. It is noteworthy to denote that in the present era where technology acts as a communication to several devices which has more access to information regarding the fashion (Parry et al 2012). Henceforth, fashion it is recognised as more internationally standardised and HM uses this to their benefit by offering the latest trends in apparel. It is to be believed that around 80-85% of the fashion apparels which company offers are of relative high fashioned products. The study highlights that the international strategy adopted by HM is excellent since it has adopted the balanced approach to mix the standardisation and customisation. Customer value= perceived benefits perceived sacrifice: HM looks up the customers value proposition in the form of gain, which defines the acquisition of the product and services (Jewell et al 2013). On the other hand, it must out weight the pain of acquisition, which is cost of difficulties while obtaining the item, service and uncertainty regarding making the right choice and cost of making the wrong decision. HM identifies the certain numbers of customers value proposition based on value parameters: HM aims to meet and exceed customers expectations, which is not based on price. HM being a leader in the retail fashion industry offers a quality environment, which enables the customers, feel valued and comfortable. HM being a leader in the fashion sector also provides customers with the service, which exceeds beyond its competitors. As a company, HM needs to match up with the customers values and beliefs by reflecting the same on their products through the advertising and sales promotion which surrounds it. Sheth Models of customers perceived value: Sheth identified the five dimensional concept of customers perceived value, which was based on the value of social, emotional, functional, epistemic and conditional. The functional value is understood as the perceived usefulness of the service offered by the HM to its customers., HM provides emotional value, which is based on the feelings of effective states being generated by the customers consumption experience. The social value is given by the acceptability based on the individual level and the relations with the social environment. Epistemic value gives the ability of the service to generate the curiosity in order to satisfy the desire for the knowledge. The conditional value is related to the situational factors such as the disease or the specific social situations. Sheth models defines that HM which is a retail brand can be compared with the rival brand to alleviate boredom with the Uniqlo which aims to satisfy the desire to learn and feel something new in relation to the response to such aroused interest (McColl-Kennedy et al 2013). Due to this cognitive-affected and multi-dimensional nature of customers perceived value, it is mandatory for HM to evaluate the customers perceived value from viewpoint of customers consumption experience. The models defines that the customers based on the experience of value-in-use often create value. While HM can establish and communicate the value proposition, it is the customers, which creates the value using specific value creation having based on dynamic situations. Evaluation of the value proposition of Uniqlo in contrast with HM: Basis of review: HM and Uniqlo is one of the relatively new sub-industry within the greater clothing industry which is characterised by companies competing in the fast fashion industry. A comparative study is performed based on the price, promotion, product and place. Product: Uniqlo primary objective relating to the product is to provide the customers a variety of affordable, innovative and stylish clothing of high quality. To differentiate its products with the rival company HM and remain comparative in the declining industrial trend Uniqlo sells its products in wider array of colours. One such example is socks, which comes in 50 different colours at its Tokyo outlets. On the other hand HM developed another draw for its customers specifically during the colder months made of fabric, which is used for inner layers and has been applied to the products such as leggings. Uniqlo offers a wide range of clothes to its customers during all times of year which ranges in style from casual wear to more fashionable wear of high quality and of many colours (Payne and Frow 2014). A sum of products offered by Uniqlo and HM is listed below Design Several colour variations, simple, adapt to numerous needs, casual to formal Quality Controlled quality, creative fabrics and functions Features Offering wide varieties of products with innovative and affordable price Branding Fashionable, economical, reliability and desirable Table 3 showing sum of products offered by Uniqlo and HM Source (Barnes, L (2013) 45(2-3), pp.182-207) Pricing strategy: In line with the product strategy in foreign markets, a penetrating strategy is used to enter into the retail clothing market. At a lower price point than the competitors, Uniqlo aims to provide its customers high-quality goods at relatively low price. The prices are of certain products are comparatively low for example socks offered by Uniqlo is priced lower than the one provided by HM. The comparative study also defines that t-shirts and button down products-shirts are priced lower by Uniqlo than that of one sold by HM. Hence, it must be noted that the basic objective of Uniqlo is to increase the volume of sales and expands its market share while HM strategies are focussed towards wide distribution and products cost. It is assumed that the cost of operations will gradually decrease for HM as a result of new store outlets which is being opened and with multiple stores sharing inventory and more stocks can be shipped from Asia during any given period of time. Such strategies adopted by Uniqlo can reduce the repeated incurring of product costs and shipping cost will be reduced (London et al 2015).. On the other hand, Uniqlo will also utilise its enhanced levels of branding awareness with the help of continuous advertising and convincing the customers that products offered by Uniqlo is highly desirable in terms of fashioned retailers Promotion: Having experienced a sudden decline in the brand perception of Uniqlo due to the oversaturation in the market and wide array of apparels products introduces by its competitors HM it was noticed that Uniqlo were often taunted as a Unibare. Though it experienced decline in its brand it still had the pride of serving a wide range of assortment and high quality products. Such strategies have been aimed at classier brand image by offering high value perceived to its customers (Kyhnau and Nielsen 2015). Uniqlo has high innovative fabrics, which offers consumers to with wide array of products. Such varieties help in creating consumers awareness and ultimately helps in brand promotion for uniqlo. While on the other hand HM aims to strive and redefine the relationships between the affordability and quality in order to attract wide range of customers and pool together to sought values such as the quality, style and affordability. Place: HM strategizes to establish and expands themselves into the international market which is focussed towards establishing a powerful brand image being centred on the systematic opening of large flagships outlets. On the other hand, Uniqlo aims to open its outlets under the Australian flagships, which it considers as an ideal location for expanding it retail-clothing stores. An identical form of central location will be sought by Uniqlo as their main of transit in Sydney outlets, which will be located in trendy, young shopping neighbourhood, and the store in gold coast will be located in a central and touristic area (Huang and Wang 2012). Value map- Company and competitors position on the value map: Uniqlo is considered as one of the fast fashioned retailers who have outperformed the retail clothing department stores and less nimble speciality stores, which not only creates high profitability but also increases the speed of revenue growth. Uniqlo has the vertical scope and sells apparels for men, womens and children however both the brands put more emphasis on womens clothing. Uniqlo owns much of its productions and retail outlets in comparison to HM but it outsource all of its production. In contrast to this HM has invested largely on the production but study reveals that licensees ran its stores (Grnroos and Voima 2013). Those two competitors are also placed differently in the product space from Inditexs chains. According to the Inditex trends HM is generally perceived as more fashionable than Uniqlo. The survey shows that Uniqlo is more fashionable while HM on the other hand, offers products at lower price. Figure 1 - Value Map of Uniqlo and HM Source: (Grace and Lo Iacono (2015) pp.560-570.) Types of value proposition: Low price: The prices of retail clothes for Uniqlo are affordable so that a customer can buy its products. This is because Uniqlo has better manufacturing and distribution systems than HM as it aims to reduce the operational cost. This serves as an advantage for Uniqlo to create a value proposition as it is easy to attract the consumers and sell them products at relatively lower price. Unique and better products: To execute the value proposition among the customers both Uniqlo and HM, this will cause the customers to consider the product of both the brands, based on superiority of the competition. Such strategies help to establish uniquely batter value proposition so that the buyers are sure of the quality of products being offered by both the retail brands. Offers hassle free customer experience: This value proposition is designed to create hassle free customers experience with the products and services offered by the Uniqlo. This will enable the customer to buy products in order to save time and mental energy. The advantage of this type of value proposition is that the customers just do not think about the products and services offered to them as they simply buy them (Aarikka-Stenroos and Jaakkola 2012). Ownerships of customers results: Uniqlo performs the customers business more better than they could perform as it can been seen that a part of enterprise ensures that the customers are offered what they need meanwhile it also controls the overall controlling cost. Dimension of value proposition: Cost: Customers value perception is generally defined as a customers evaluation of what they get in return for what they give. The cost value proposition is recognised as the perception of customers whether the value created by HM and Uniqlo is worthy enough of the cost paid. The cost paid by the customers can be of monetary terms based on time and effort, which the customers invest in a firms offering. Customer roles: This refers to the in general the customers familiarity during the communications with the seller. Value can be added to relationship along with the magnitude consisting of product, quality, services, delivery performance, suppliers know how and process cost. Such creation of customers value establishes and maintains the customers relationships with the suppliers so that it can obtain hassle-free purchase and consumption mode (Grnroos and Voima 2013). Performance: Uniqlo manufactures open source of software and correlated services, which do not rely entirely on the source of software. They often combine the proprietary and open source of offerings and implements hybrid business models to deliver greater value to consumers. Interpretation of Value Proposition: Uniqlo retail value proposition is mostly centred on low product prices. Nevertheless, several surveys has suggested that currently Uniqlo is not successful even though it offers clothing apparals at low prices. Uniqlo has created a strong brand that is linked with the fashion and top designers such as Cate Moss, Madonna and Stella Macharty as Uniqlo has managed to create something unique. The fact the company is offering products at lower price does not mean that brand has to be a cheap one too. It is regarded that Uniqlo has put in a great amount of effort to build up its brand, which is associated with range of price, which cannot be related with HM (Osterwalder 2012). Uniqlo demonstrates that how a company can build brand even if the organisation is selling the products at comparatively lower cost. Nothing can be considered as only black and white and one can understand that Uniqlo is one of the luxurious brand in most of the countries. On the other hand when other fashion brands like Uniqlo started acquiring market in retail clothing there were rising speculations about how the connections to HM would affect the Uniqlo reputation as high quality brand. At the moment Uniqlo is feeling satisfied with the choice of work together with the one of the bolstering retailers in the fashion industry. Evaluating value proposition: Price: Price can be defined as the sum of expenditures paid by a customer for a product and any associated services that is required by the product. The total cost for high end clothing apparels offered by HM and Uniqlo to support the dedicated fashion trends followed by the customers. The price for a product also includes the price of the services hence, in customers value proposition price is considered as the value of product and not the cost. Customers value proposition is the cost that is not reflected in the price as the cost is reflected in the value experience. Support: As it is mentioned earlier, the customers value proposition emphasis on experiences. Uniqlo initially identifies these experiences when it profiled how a key-targeted set of customers would use the product (Chandler and Lusch 2014). In the evaluation of value proposition process, customer support is necessary between the products offered by Uniqlo would offer them the benefit, which is equivalent to those that are negative users. Features: Human live in world where the products offered by several clothing retailing industry are constantly changing as new features are constantly gets added. Prices gets changed, competitive products are enhanced and new alternatives are introduced. All such elements effect the customers value propositions. Reputation: Evaluation of customer value proposition is based on the reputation or the image of brand. Offering high and better quality products with wide array of assortment Uniqlo proposes to establish a classier brand reputation by offering higher perceived value to its customers (Grace and Lo Iacono 2015). Value proposition: Basis of distinctions HM Uniqlo Price Lower Lower-Middle Quality High Middle-high Fashion High High Age group served For ages ranging from 15-30 For ages ranging from 15-40 Kind of Supply Generally Casual From Casual to Formal Brand reputation Good Under-development Production Out sourced 60% outsourced Table 4 (Value proposition of HM and Uniqlo) Source (Payne and Frow (2014) pp 213-227) Benchmark the two-value proposition: Globally most of the fashion retailers have followed the customer value proposition to keep the new trends and the fashion prevailing all corners of the world. Uniqlo and HM follow the value proposition, which is largely successful, as both the companies understand the importance of customer value proposition. Uniqlo differentiates from HM in order to find and follow latest trends. Uniqlo believes that customers are more cautious regarding the quality and value than lending a rapid response to changing style (Osterwalder et al 2014). On the other hand, HM uses long developmental strategies to test new materials and designs. It creates collaboration with the vendors based on long term strategy. Such strategies is similar to that of car manufactures who spend long period of time in product development in order to create a new product (Kyhnau and Nielsen 2015). Uniqlo recognises the product with style which do not go out of fashion rather easily and discovers a new of creating levels of differentiation with those styles. On the other hand HM aims to build a strategy to the trends and needs of consumer by embracing the rapid change to the consumer tastes and preference. Uniqlo has established a high range of receptive supply chain that facilitates the liberation of fashions as soon as a trend materializes. Uniqlo approach is somewhat more of a hybrid in nature than that of HM models. It serves to combine the commitment to prolonged existence while staying receptive to the latest fashion trends. The study reflects that Uniqlo outsource production to a network from more than 500 suppliers. Uniqlo new value proposition and implementation plan: HM retail value proposition is predominantly centred on low prices of product. However, a number of surveys has suggested that presently HM is not flourishing though it offers clothing apparels at reduced prices. HM has created a muscular brand name that is connected with top designers such as Cate Moss, Madonna and Stella Macharty as HM has managed to create somewhat exclusive. The truth is that the corporation is offering products at reduced price that does not necessarily represents that brand name has to be inexpensive too. Figure 2 model of mission statement Source (Grnroos, C. and Voima, P., 2013. Pp 133-150) It is understood that HM has put in a enormous effort to construct its brand, which is allied with wide range of price, which cannot be associated with the small boutiques. HM demonstrates that how a company can build brand even if the establishment is selling products at reasonably lower cost. Nothing can be painstaking as only black and white as one can understand that HM is one of the lavish brand for the most part of countries. On the other hand, when other fashion brands like Uniqlo started acquiring marketplace in retail clothing there were growing speculations about how the connections to HM would affect the Uniqlo status as high quality brand. At the moment Uniqlo is feeling satisfied with the choice of work together with the one of the bolstering retailers in the fashion industry (Chandler and Lusch 2014). External and internal implementation plan new value proposition: A vigorous and meaningful value proposition is necessary for any industry to effectively engage and establish a connection with the consumers, partners stakeholders and decisively internal workforce by precisely communicating the differences and worthiness of making such purchase (Hollensen 2015). The implementation of external and internal implementation plan of new value proposition is listed below; Figure 3 relationship between internal and external marketing Source (Hollensen 2015) Provides directions: The Value proposition offers directions by identifying the perfect-targeted audience right from the front, rather than understanding and recognising the central needs. This can be contented by the planed solution (Smith et al 2012). A comprehensible value proposition helps in wastage of time and money by offering product and service, which are less relevant to customers. Figure 4 Relationship between internal and external marketing Source (Hollensen 2015) Creates focus: A robust value proposition system offer fundamental initiatives and activates the aspects of business which have the greatest impact on meeting the defined targeted customers needs. Such value proposition helps in delivering excellence for HM. It also outlines what it must deliver to meet and define the audiences needs and create an overall remarkable experience for customers. Figure 5 Perception of problem vs willing to change perception Source (London, N., Pogue, G. and Spinuzzi, C., 2015 99 1-8) Improves customers understanding: Implementing value proposition provides HM with the opportunity to understand how the consumers view products and services. This enables them to talk to customers which breeds misunderstanding or to certain extent alienation. The value proposition identifies the factors that not only make a difference to the targeted audience but also inspects the ways that are meaningful to HM (Kyhnau and Nielsen 2015). Figure 6 relationship between employee and customers satisfaction Source (Hollensen 2015) Conclusion: In a world where retail fashion is fast changing along with the changing buying behaviour of the consumers it is significant that the companies like HM and Uniqlo is well equipped with the flexibility where it is able to adopt to all kinds of changes very quickly but even more it is able to anticipate and predict such changes. As a reason of this both the companies operates in the pull systems and gives emphasis on the customer value proposition. It is precisely evident that both the companies seek to enhance their efficiency and improving the customers satisfactions. As shown in the above study, that customer value proposition allows the exchange of ideas from the downstream area of chain to the upstream area. The study also provides numerous advantages in terms of cost and time to both the organisation. Referenced List: Ng, I., Parry, G., Smith, L., Maull, R. and Briscoe, G., 2012. Transitioning from a goods-dominant to a service-dominant logic: Visualising the value proposition of Rolls-Royce.Journal of Service Management,23(3), pp.416-439. Aarikka-Stenroos, L. and Jaakkola, E., 2012. Value co-creation in knowledge intensive business services: A dyadic perspective on the joint problem solving process.Industrial Marketing Management,41(1), pp.15-26. Barnes, L., 2013. Fashion marketing.Textile Progress,45(2-3), pp.182-207 Brohi, H., Khubchandani, R., Prithiani, J., Abbas, Z., Bhutto, A.H. and Chawla, S.K., 2016. Strategic Marketing Plan of Nike. Chandler, J.D. and Lusch, R.F., 2014. Service systems a broadened framework and research agenda on value propositions, engagement, and service experience.Journal of Service Research, p.1094670514537709. Frow, P., McColl-Kennedy, J.R., Hilton, T., Davidson, A., Payne, A. and Brozovic, D., 2014. Value propositions A service ecosystems perspective.Marketing Theory, p.1470593114534346. Grace, D. and Lo Iacono, J., 2015. Value creation: an internal customers perspective.Journal of Services Marketing,29(6/7), pp.560-570. Graebig, M., Erdmann, G. and Rder, S., 2014. Assessment of residential battery systems (RBS): profitability, perceived value proposition, and potential business models. In37th IAEE International Conference, New York City. Grnroos, C. and Voima, P., 2013. Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,41(2), pp.133-150. Huang, L. and Wang, L., 2012, October. Research on the Application of 4Ps Marketing Theory Based on Chinese Consuming Conceptions. InBusiness Computing and Global Informatization (BCGIN), 2012 Second International Conference on(pp. 163-166). IEEE. Jewell, D.V., Moore, J.D. and Goldstein, M.S., 2013. Delivering the physical therapy value proposition: a call to action.Physical therapy,93(1), pp.104-114. Kyhnau, J. and Nielsen, C., 2015. Value Proposition Design: How to create products and services customers want.Journal of Business Models,3(1). London, N., Pogue, G. and Spinuzzi, C., 2015, July. Understanding the value proposition as a co-created claim. InProfessional Communication Conference (IPCC), 2015 IEEE International(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Oh, S., Han, Y., Nah, K. and Kwon, K., 2016. Development Direction Research Of Korean Lifestyle Brands Through Analysis For Global Lifestyle Brands-Focused On The Trend Analysis.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),15(2), p.41. Orton, L., LLoyd-Williams, F., Bromley, H., Hawkes, C., Taylor-Robinson, D., O'Flaherty, M., Moonan, M., Rayner, M. and Capewell, S., 2013. Using the 4Ps marketing approach to evaluate fashion policies: A rapid scoping review.The European Journal of Public Health,23(suppl 1), pp.ckt126-263. Orton, L.C., Lloyd-Williams, F., Bromley, H., Hawkes, C., Taylor-Robinson, D.C., OFlaherty, M., Moonan, M., Rayner, M. and Capewell, S., 2013. PP11 Using the 4Ps Marketing Approach to Evaluate Fashion Policies. A Rapid Scoping Review.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,67(Suppl 1), pp.A53-A53. Osterwalder, A. and Pigneur, Y., 2013.Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley Sons. Osterwalder, A., 2012. Achieve product market fit with our brand new value proposition designer canvas.Business Model Alchemists. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G. and Smith, A., 2015.Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want. John Wiley Sons. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G., Smith, A. and Papadakos, T., 2014. Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want. 320 pages. Payne, A. and Frow, P., 2014. Developing superior value propositions: a strategic marketing imperative.Journal of Service Management,25(2), pp.213-227. Smith, L., Ng, I. and Maull, R., 2012. The three value proposition cycles of equipment-based service.Production Planning Control,23(7), pp.553-570. Wong, K. and Yazdanifard, R., 2014. How Fast-Fashion Apparel Stores are able to Operate Sustainably in New Global Economy.Journal of Research in Marketing,3(2), pp.274-278. Zimmerman, M.J., 2012. Intrinsic vs. extrinsic value. Gallarza, M.G., Gallarza, M.G., Arteaga-Moreno, F., Arteaga-Moreno, F., Del Chiappa, G., Del Chiappa, G., Gil-Saura, I. and Gil-Saura, I., 2016. Intrinsic value dimensions and the value-satisfaction-loyalty chain: a causal model for services.Journal of Services Marketing,30(2), pp.165-185. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education.

Two Theories Of Leadership And Comparison Free-Samples for Students

Question: Choose two theories of Leadership as listed in the Study Schedule above, and compare and contrast these in terms of how they contribute to your understanding of leading. Answer: Introduction: Situational leadership and trait theory of leadership are two important leadership theories. The effectiveness of the application of these two theories is plausible in the business world. Behavioural trait is important for both but the prime influence of the leadership is getting emerged from external reality for situational leadership and from the internal characteristics for trait theory (Northouse, 2012). The personality of the leader cast a magic spell over the leadership quality. The demand of the situation invites the flexibility of the leadership in case of the situational leadership. Goal orientation is indispensible in both of the cases but the in case of the situational leadership the visionary character of the leader is important. The leader need to offer effective guidance to the follower that is the reason the leader himself does bare the responsibility of the leaded people that is the reason he must possess a personality that is different from other (Selznick, 2011). Th e behavioural trait of the leader is very important to judge the quality of the leadership that he does offers to the group. Leader used to poses an authoritative attitude top motivate and inculcate the team member. But different leadership theory has defined different types of authoritative attitude of the leaders. Effectiveness of the authority is one of the major aspects that used to get measure to evaluate the quality of the leader and his leadership. Two theories of leadership and comparison: Situational leadership theory and trait theory of leadership are two theories related with leadership. These two theories are harbouring contradictory point of view regarding leadership (Wheatley, 2011). Situational leadership summary: Situational leadership developed on the basis of the demand of the situation task behaviour is important for the situational leaders. The relationships with all the socio economic factors are equally important here. Situational theory of leadership Trait theory of leadership This leadership is not fix it used to get change according to the situation. This leadership is situational dependent leadership (Goleman etal.,2013). This is the goal driven leadership need to address the situational demand. High level problem solving capacity. Context based leadership. Clear vision is one of the major traits of this type of leadership (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2012). Put stress on personal characteristics Leader and followers are getting compare Believes in the inborn leadership quality Characteristic centric leadership Must have the achievement drive of leadership. Charisma, creativity and flexibility in leadership. Psychological leadership of leadership High level of self confidence. Honesty integrity and trustworthiness in character. Emotional maturity of the leader. Contrast of the two theories: Situational leadership is depending on the external influence that is situation for its application. It can be said this leadership is the situation driven leadership. The leaders are flexible in this case. They can adopt any policy that can serve the situational purpose. In this type of leadership practice the leader need to be object driven and he must harbour a clear vision of aim or the goal of the leadership (DePree, 2011). Trait theory is based on the external factor that is the quality or the attribute of the leader. This leadership theory believes that the leader must harbour some character trait that can help him at the time of the leadership. This leadership theory put stress on the personal character of the individual as leader rather the demand of the situation (Spillane, 2012). Example of two leaders: The example of situational leader: John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was a stallward in American oil industry at the same time he become popular as philanthropist. He got manifested as the richest person in American history. He is the leader; started his carrier as a book keeper. The initial business involvement of this leader in the domain of food business, from that he made a jump to the business of oil refinery. The growth and the development of him become phenomenal in nature (Nahavandi, 2016). During the phase of his development Rockefeller came across harsh competition he needed to interact with the contenders from the different part of the country different community. The interactions with contenders were successful for him (Jackson Parry, 2011). His organisation Standard Oil Company acquired many of the contenders. The leadership decision of Rockefeller used get change on the demand of the situation. The process of horizontal integration was the part of the strategy of Rockefelle r. The strategy was aggressive enough that is the reason he has to face law suit in different time because the practice of his organisation lead towards monopoly. The organisation harbours ambition to establish reign over the oil market of the country. As the leader Rockefeller faced different types of allegation due the legal infringement. In order to define the nature of the leadership of Rockefeller it is important to focus certain character trait of the leader. After study the character of this leader one can find the ideal character of a situational leader (Ward, 2016). Shuttle mentality or the shrewdness of the character is one of the significance of the personality of this leader. Winning attitude of the leader is getting represented by the shrewdness of the leader. The character of the situational, leader is the leader need to object driven and sure regarding the goal of the endeavour he suppose to be adamant to achieve the goal that character is getting reflected in the behaviour of Rockefeller. The reputation development is one of the major intentions of the endeavour that has been committed by Rockefeller, because as the leader he used to look at the broader spectrum and the sustainability (Hargreaves Fink, 2012). That attitude is traceable to the situational leaders. The issue of sustainability is one of the hunting issues for the leaders of contemporary period. That has been realised by Rockefeller that is the reason he was moving ahead of time. Public reputation of the leader is one of the factors that strengthen the possibility of the sus tainability. The visionary attitude is one of the major character trait of the situational leader sustainability is one of the issue that can get envisaged by the situational leader. The concept of corporate CSR has been envisaged by Rockefeller. Offering support to the society is the part of the sustainability strategy of Rockefeller. That is another attitude of the visionary leader who can think for long term achievement. When a business is taking from the society it is the important duty for that organisation to pay back to the society. Rockefeller took attempt in this regard (Daft, 2014). Courage is one of the significance of situational relationship. The situational, leader need to address the demand of the situation with courage. That quality got reflected in the leadership behaviour of Rockefeller. As the leader he demonstrated his courage in the different situations. Te clear vision regarding the target of the mission empowered the leadership quality of Rockefeller (DuBrin, 2015). Example of the trait leader: Richard Bronson is one of the leading contemporary business personalities of world. The owner of brand Virgin has established his name as one of the leading business leader as well as philanthropist. The group created by him is controller of 400 companies in all over the world. The success in the financial domain has made him one of the richest business icons in the country as well as in all over the world. The quality of the leadership is one of the significant traits of Richard Branson the leader can be treated as a trait leader in this regard. The leadership traits of Richard Bronson are following (Beck Cowan, 2014), As a leader Bronson describe himself as the rule barker. The innovative approach of the leadership is one of his significance as the leader. This is one of the character traits of the trait leader. Trait leader must have the high level of confidence. That has been reflected in the character of Richard Bronson. The theory of trait leadership believe that the great leader always born but not make (Kellerman, 2012). It is not possible to make the leader but the born leader always harbours certain attribute to become a great leader. It has been traced in the life of Richard Bronson. The quality of the personality of Bronson is one of the significance of his leadership process. The sociability of his character represents the quality of the trait leader in this regard. Bronson is an achievement oriented leader. He is focus on the target he supposes to achieve the approach of his leadership move towards that direction .Delegation is another great quality a leader can have that poses by Bron son. In case of delegation does harbour some specific method. He finds out the right people from within his one organisation and trained them in a proper manner to take care of the responsibility of the specific department. In this case he works as the head of the talent acquisition team (Chhokar et al.,2013). The quality of the trait leader got manifested in honesty integrity and self confidence. That has been manifested in the character of Richard Bronson. As the leader he has earn an wider acceptance to the global population that is the reason he himself has developed a brand value as the leader. The excellence of the quality is another significance of trait leadership. That has got reflected in the character of Richer Bronson (Skowronek, 2011). He prefers to break rule to create new one that is the reason he has earn the support and credibility from the ordinary staffs of his organisation. He never remains isolated in his own cocoon rather prefer to get mingled in all the level. That is the great way of communication for the leader of the organisation. The leader needs to have the willingness to listen the others. That has been reflected in character of Bronson. He is accessible personality in the organisation that is the reason it can be said that he prefer communication and listen ot her. Hands on approach are one of the significance of the Mr. Bronson. This is one of the representation of his self confidences the leader of the organisation that is one of the prominent nature of the trait leader of any organisation (Johnston, et al.,2016). Learning from the mistake is one of the significance of the Mr. Bronson as leader. The decision making is one of the critical processes the leader of the organisation used to get judge on the basis of this. Monitoring the whole process of the decision making is one of the ways to observe the flaws in the process. Farther development can get done on this basis. Situation and the follower are two important factors in this leadership theory (Carver, 2011).. In trait theory the personal characteristic of the leader make string influence over the leadership behaviour of the leader that has been witnessed in the character of Richard Bronson. Generosity communication skill those are important for the leader that has been reflected in the character of Bronson. The focus behaviour and the attentive attitude of the leader is one of the major significance of the trait leadership (Gaines, 2012). The reason of the communication to direct all the leaded towards the attainment of a specific goal, the goal oriented behaviour always standardise the character of the leader. That is the reason the goal oriented behaviour standardise the activity of the leader that type of representation has been witnessed in the behaviour of Richard Bronson. Integrity is one of the characters of the goal driven leadership such as Richard Bronson. The issue of integrity is directly connected with team performance of the organisation. That is the reason the leader need to maintain the integrity within the team. The team can get the inspiration out of the behaviour of the leader. Passion is one of the significance of the trait leader. That representation is traceable in the behaviour of Richard Brinson. The passionate attitude of Bronson is o ne of the significance of his leadership that can inspire the team and the organisation and lead them towards the optimum goal (Briggs et al.,2012). Conclusion: From above discussion it can be said that the nature of situational and trait leadership is different but there are similarity among them. Both type leader reships are object driven. The external factors and its influence has made situational leadership more flexible in this type of leadership the leader can change is trait on the basis of the demand from the environment the external factors are the dominating force in this regard. In trait leadership the quality of the individual leader can offer significance in the leadership process (Renz, 2016). The quality of the leadership is depending up on the objective that has fix in front of the leader because passion and integrity is character of the leadership. From the perspective of the pragmatic need of the situation it can be said that situational leadership is the most suitable leadership among this two because this leadership can offer sufficient flexibility to the leader and the major target of the leader to meet the situational r equirement that is the reason the leadership skill can serve the great purpose to the team in a specific situation under this leadership. References: Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014).Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Briggs, A. R., Morrison, M., Coleman, M. (2012).Research methods in educational leadership and management. Sage Publications. Carver, J. (2011).Boards that make a difference: A new design for leadership in nonprofit and public organizations(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Daft, R. L. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. DePree, M. (2011).Leadership is an art. Crown Business. DuBrin, A. J. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Gaines, K. K. (2012).Uplifting the race: Black leadership, politics, and culture in the twentieth century. UNC Press Books. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hargreaves, A., Fink, D. (2012).Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Jackson, B., Parry, K. (2011).A very short fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying leadership. Sage. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Kellerman, B. (2012).The end of leadership. New York, NY: Harper Business. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P. G. (2012).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Renz, D. O. (2016).The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. Selznick, P. (2011).Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books. Skowronek, S. (2011).Presidential leadership in political time. University Press of Kansas. Spillane, J. P. (2012).Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Ward, J. (2016).Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership. Springer. Wheatley, M. (2011).Leadership and the new science: Discovering order in a chaotic world. ReadHowYouWant. com.

What are the world’s most Important Population problems an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

What are the world’s most Important Population problems? Over two hundred years ago, Thomas Malthus predicted doom if human population continued to rise unabated. Though humanity is not likely to end soon, adverse effects have already began to be felt and if the situation remains unchecked, it will lead to catastrophic experiences that will are likely to make life unbearable. The issue of the rise in human population has continued to hit the global headlines for long with debates being on the increase whether the world's capacity is being stretched beyond its elasticity point. An in-depth look at the impact of overpopulation indicates that it has led to a number of problems among them being environmental pollution and resources depletion. Need essay sample on "What are the worlds most Important Population problems?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Questions have raged for long whether it is over population that has led to the depletion of resources or whether it is man's irresponsibility. Though to blame depletion of resources wholly on overpopulation is an oversimplification, increased human population has indeed led to increased consumption and exploitation of the natural resources. An increase in population means increased demand for resources, and as these vital resources are in an inelastic supply; an exponential increase in the population hence strains the supply. Water, energy and land resources available in the planet are being strained by the increased population. As a number of scientists have observed, the increased demand placed on the earth has far outstretched the available resources. With overpopulation, water and food have diminished. Though there exist arguments to the contrary with some scholars claiming that the existing food is sufficient to meet the existing demands, it is more than apparent that the level is not sustainable. A look at the third world countries indicates they are the most affected. College Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to make my essay today? Essay writer professionals suggest: Entrust Your Essay Paper To Us And Get A+ Online Essay Writing Company Best Essay Writing Service Review College Essay Writing Service Top Essay Writing The existing statistics are tilted to the disfavor of the developing world which at the moment house over 80% of the world's population. Projections are indicating that after the first half of this century, 86% of all human population will be in the third world countries. With resource levels already declining, this increase in population is likely to erupt into social and economic problems. The issue of depletion of natural resources is dominating the global spotlight and has evoked reaction from the conservationists. There are huge campaigns for developed world to lead the path towards the conservation of the environment and to use renewable sources of energy. Afforestation and also the insistence on the human non-encroachment of natural habitats is also another campaign aimed at conserving natural resources (Nelson 4). Increased population has also led to the degradation and pollution of the environment. Currently, the eyes of the world are fixed on the raging debate on global warming, the impact that it is having on the world and the threat to humanity. Increased human activity has continued to emit gases causing the green gas effect and destroying the ozone layer. A look at the correlation between overpopulation and pollution has to focus at the various factors that have led to this. Population explosion has had an effect of rapid urbanization. The existing projections indicate that in a century's time, 75 percent of the population shall be residing in the urban areas mostly in the southern hemisphere. (Nelson11). A Look at most urban center today indicates that they are characterized by traffic congestion. Motor vehicles emission is rated as the number one cause of air pollution. There are a number of causes of pollution and while they cannot all be linked to overpopulation, the growth in popula tion is the leading factor. The effects of global warming have captured global attention and have raised concerns over the need to limit gas emissions and also take positive steps towards reducing environmental pollution. There is a flurry of activities to ensure that this is achieved with campaigns directed to the United States and china which lead in greenhouse gas emissions. There are government regulations put into place to ensure that people reduce the use of products that increase environmental pollution. Indeed the problems associated with overpopulation are immense but the most important range between environmental pollution and natural resources depletion. Increased population has led to increased demand for resources and human settlement is encroaching into the natural habitat. Water, land and essential minerals are being depleted as days pass by. Human population also leads to increased pollution due to intensification of activities that cause pollution. Steps are being taken to address the issue of overpopulation and also conserve the environment. Works Cited Nelson, Lynn D. Sociology In Global Perspective. Washington DC; Digital Text Plus LLC, 2007

Germanys Eagerness to Rule essays

Germany's Eagerness to Rule essays In exploring the causes of the First World War, many diverse theories have been argued. Many people indicted imperialism as the principle cause of the war. Many others say that the arms race (militarism) was the culprit. I believe that several of these things combined caused the First World War. The Alliance system caused many fears throughout Germany. Germany felt like they had their backs against the wall with no allies. This caused Germany to fight back, leading to the First World War. There are many factors that led to hostility between military powers in Europe. Militarism was one cause for many of these hostilities. Militarism in the early 1900s was very similar to the arms race of today. Because Great Britain had a good navy, Germany felt as though they needed a strong navy as well (McDonough 8). Germany and France also competed for larger armies. The more one nation built up its army or navy the more the other nations felt they had to do the same. Each country was constantly trying to be better than the other. This led to great military expansion for Britain, Germany, and France. Another cause for many hostilities was imperialism. Some European nations ruled smaller countries, called colonies, and competed with each other to amass more colonies. Gathering these colonies became known as imperialism. Both France and Britain had colonies all throughout Africa and Asia (McDonough 6-7). Germany and Italy soon realized how France and Britains countries were expanding and they too wanted a colonial empire. In addition to many political conflicts, the hostilities were pushed by such forces as nationalism or patriotism. Nationalism led many European nations to compete for the largest army and navy, or the greatest industrial development, or the biggest empire. The main hostilities in Europe all derived from competing with each other. ...

Financial Performance Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Performance Measurement - Essay Example The cost of capital aspect is usually a main area of focus. The reason for cost of capital to be taken care of seriously is to ensure that the capital used does not exceed the expected returns from activities of the organization. There is also need to ensure that the cheapest type of capital is used to finance the company. The company therefore considers the cost of each type of capital to compute a general cost of capital referred to as weighted average cost of capital. This incorporates costs such as cost of equity and also cost of debt. The weighted average cost of capital method allocates weights to each component cost of capital. This weighted average cost of capital is usually the rate of return that the company should not operate under in order to be operating at a safe point. Weighted average cost of capital is the best measure of a company's cost of capital. Its measure gives weights to the components of a company's capital structure. Usually shareholder's equity and debt create a company's capital (Brealey, & Richard 2000p.66-67). The company's share price as in the financial times is recorded as 876.50 being the last price. This represents an increase in the company's share price as compared to last one week by 2.2%. 876.50 being the last share price also represent a decrease in share price as compared to 3 months earlier. ... EQ = This represents the shareholder's equity and equity equivalents TC = This represents the total capital RRR = This is the required rate of return, usually cost of equity capital D = This represents debt capital K = This represents the cost of debt capital TR = This represents the tax rate Using the figures of the group company the British Associates Foods plc the shareholder's equity for the year 2005 = 3,696,000 This is at required rate of return of 12% The group's debt as at 17/09/05 was at the tune of 150,000,000. This debt was at a cost of 10% Therefore the weighted cost of capital can be computed as follows: - Total capital = Equity capital + debt Therefore Equity capital = 3,696,000,000 Debt = 150,000,000 Total capital = 3,746,000,000 Therefore WACC = 3,696,000,000 x 12% + 150,000,000 10% (1.28%) 3,746,000,000 3,746,000,000 Note: the tax rate = 28% WACC 0.118 + 0.02 WACC 0.138 = 13.8% Therefore the WACC = 13.8% The company's share price as in the financial times is recorded as 876.50 being the last price. This represents an increase in the company's share price as compared to last one week by 2.2%. 876.50 being the last share price also represent a decrease in share price as compared to 3 months earlier. At the earlier three months the share price was 5.4% higher than the current share price of 876.50. Six months ago, the company's share prices are recorded to have been 16.4% higher than 876.50. This represents a large fall in the company's share price. Upto these six months ago, the trend seems to be moving in the same direction as that of the sector. A difference in the trend of the company's share prices emerges when the comparison of the

Bubbles by Chris Martenson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bubbles by Chris Martenson - Essay Example The 2007 housing bubble is a recent example of a bubble that has affected the American economy and the rest of the world. The author has shown that although the bubble started way back in 1998, it was still never stopped. As the author narrates, bubbles have their way around with the people. In other words, people always tend to get tricked into believing that things will be different. Based on the video, it is obvious that bubbles can be avoided if people stopped being guided by the false illusion that â€Å"this time, things will be different.† In addition, in the United States, the Federal Reserve failed in its duty to protect the public against the housing bubble. Even when the signs of the bubble started to show, the Federal Reserve continued to lower interest rates. It was rather using researches to convince the public that the housing was not going to create an asset bubble. From this, the video points to the importance of having an effective central bank system in prev enting such economic catastrophes. In the United States, the Federal Reserve failed to act on the problem before it became too big.  Finally, the video shows that an asset bubble is just an indicator of a bigger problem. The housing bubble was just an indicator of increased borrowing. There was an increase in debt from $27 trillion in 2000 to $48 trillion in 2007. This shows how asset bubbles affect other sectors of the economy. In addition, bubbles are destructive because people/organizations tend to make the wrong investments.

Emile Durkheim's Theories on Education and Morality Essay

Emile Durkheim's Theories on Education and Morality - Essay Example But as America became more populated and as problems became more social, the focus on education had shifted to the human being in relation to society. The people realized that the human being was affected by its environment and the role of education is to transmit present societal traditions and customs to the students by using teachers as social agents. Because of Durkheim's influence, the American society began to value individual freedom and self-determination that depicted the product of Protestant ethic and the impact of psychology on educational theory. The present society now corresponds to Durkheim's theory of education. Focusing on his educational beliefs and view points, this essay aims to acquire the significance of his theoires on the past and present day society. According to Filloux, Durkheim emphasized the general needs of the individual in order to recognize the function of a social phenomenon (304). He asserted that every society has a system of education that is inflicted on individuals and has a concept of a "human ideal"-physically, intellectually and morally. He viewed it as a "methodical socialization" that ensures the "conditions of existence" of every individual in a society. For Durkheim, discipline is a factor of education and a means of averting culpable conduct (43). He viewed morality as a discipline that promotes regularity in people's actions and offers them "determinate goals" that also hinders their horizons (47). There are three elements of morality that determine the form and content of the purposes that educational sociology assigns to education at school: 1) teaching a sense of discipline, 2) group attachment, and 3) autonomy of will (308). In order to be called a moral person, Durkheim stated that the individual has to abide by a norm (23) and "act in terms of the collective interest" (xi). Thus, the function of morality is "to determine conduct, to fix it, and to eliminate the element of individual arbitrariness" (27). In the school institution, moral standards are imposed by the teacher to the pupils though they are given the freedom to learn in their own will. (Filloux 309). For Durkheim, the spirit of independence exists if there is intelligence or understanding and moral orders in certain incidents in life. Durkheim also discussed the school environment in his theory (310). He believed that the school environment promotes the habit of life in a school classroom form. He also stated that in ideal schools, it is not important to produce scientists among his pupils but fully rational beings. (311). Research Discussion Durkheim's structure-function analysis focuses on social facts (Filloux 303). He noted that in order to understand a fact, the causes and purposes must primarily be recognized. His analysis was original for he approached this from two similar viewpoints. One was that the society, made up of its organic components has a systematic entity responding to the societal needs. The other view was that "the social system lends itself to analysis in terms of

Mission statement summarizes companys strategies for achieving its goals

Mission statement summarizes companys strategies for achieving its goals Introduction A corporate formal mission statement summarizes a companys strategies for achieving its goals, by stating the important goals that its employees must strive to meet (David, 2009). It is a statement that states the reason why a company exists and states a companys purpose in the business world. Constructing a formal mission statement that explains a companys interest in the market world is among the most difficult tasks that an executive committee leader faces. In this paper, Coca-Colas formal mission statement will be evaluated by comparing the core values, suppliers, products and services, markets, shareholders, employee and customers concern for profitability and philosophy. Coca Colas Mission Statement Coca Colas mission statement is to maximize shareowner value over time. Its strategic business objectives are to expand its production volume, expand its share of worldwide nonalcoholic ready to drink beverage sales, improving its economic profits and economic value and lastly to maximize the long term cash flows. In order to achieve its mission statement, Coca Cola Company has taken the initiative of creating value when serving its constraints which includes its customers, its bottlers and the community. The company explains that its mission of existence is to refresh and benefit anyone that uses its products. According to Dess et al (2007), evaluating a companys mission statement involves conducting a research on whether the mission statement fulfills the following conditions; if it focuses on fulfilling the companys need rather than focusing on the product, clear and easily understood by all, it explains how it will serve its customers, based on the companys strengths, motivates and inspires it employees, realistic and fits in the current market situations and lastly if it is specific, short and states what the company wants to be remembered for in the future (Thompson et al, 2007). A company must redefine its formal mission statement after a considerable time so that it does not lose its credibility in defining the definite course for a company. Without a formal mission statement, a company may lose track and drift according to the pressures in the business environment. Viljoen Dann (2003) stated that for a company to stay focused in the business environment, it should have a clear and a concise formal mission statement. Coca Cola company mission statement defines the business and this can be depicted from the amount of sales that is realized in the company. Its mission was to get access to all persons by making them enjoy their products. Its local marketing strategy enables Coca Cola Company to listen to all voices around the world and this has contributed to making beverages that can be consumed by any person, anywhere depending on personal preferences and occasions. The company is not only determined to make great drinks for its customers, but it also contributes to communities in the local market through involvements in education, diversity, health and wellness. In order to achieve its mission statement, Coca Cola company has come up with visionary goals and articulate corporate philosophy which includes; being a great place to work for its employees, bringing a portfolio of different brands that satisfies peoples needs and desires, building mutual loyalty with its partners, being a fast moving organization and highly effective, maximizing returns to shareholders while at the same time being mindful of their responsibilities and lastly being a global citizen that brings a difference in the market. The companys mission statement can be perceived to be effective basing on the fact that it has established a wide range of markets and consumers. According to Woo and Cooper (2002), a companys mission statement is perceived to be effective and appropriate if it fulfills its goals such as fulfilling its community and customers needs and desires. The company has produced a nonalcoholic beverage that caters for each and every customers need, financial status, occasion and preference. The corporate level is the highest level in any organization. According to White (2004), corporate managers have the duty to address issues pertaining to overall organization, decision making and planning strategy which affect the other levels in the organization. Marketing involves strategic planning in all levels of an organization (Corner, 2004). Grand et al (2011), defines strategic marketing as marketing activities that affect the business, corporate and marketing strategic plans. The marketing activities try to involve everyone in the organization towards achieving the companys mission statement, goals and objectives. It helps organizations to execute a marketing philosophy that can be applied through the planning process (Jones et al, 2007). According to Grant (2010), a companys vision specifies what the company wants and how it plans to achieve that. Hill et al (2007), indicates that a comprehensive vision should state a companys market, objectives, desired public image, core values and basic companys basic philosophy. Most organizations developed a mission statement to communicate their corporate vision to the interested parties. A mission statement then becomes an important element that can be used in the strategic planning process because it specifies the boundaries under which a business operates. According to Grant (2010), the Coca Cola Company being the leading distributor, manufacturer and marketer of nonalcoholic beverages in the world, has an efficient personnel who make all this achievable. It the worlds largest producer, marketer and distributor of coca cola products and it operate in more than 200 countries worldwide. Strategic management, as defined by Hamel (2002), is the process that identifies a companys objectives and mission statement and developing policies and plans that can be used to achieve the objectives. It provides a guideline to those in the managerial position to work towards accomplishing an organizational goals and objectives. It is the highest managerial activity that is performed by an organizational chief executive officer (CEO). Strategic management deals with study of functions and responsibilities of those in the managerial position in the organization (Lewis et al, 1999). A companys CEO undertakes strategic monitoring in the company, to check t he progress of the company toward achieving its goals and assessing whether the company needs any modification to arrive at its goals (Hill et al 2007). According to Mintzberg et al (1998), having knowledge on strategic management helps the CEO to be in a position to know his business environment and how to control it, know how to manage and understand how policies can be formulated to achieve the companys goals. Coca Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and its current CEO is Muhtar Kent, U.S. Kent has worked in the Coca Cola Company for a long period and when he ran Coca Colas international units, it accounted to 83% profit and sales value of more than $20 billion (Grant 2010). He joined the Coca Cola Company in Atlanta in the year 1978 and has held a lot of operational roles in his career. Between the years 1995 and 1998, he served as a managing director of the coca cola Amtil-Europe Company and covered operations in 12 countries. He was then named president and chief operating officer of the Coca Cola Company in Northern Asia, Middle East and Eurasia from the year 2005 till 2006 (Grant 2010). He served as the international president through the year 2006 until when he was appointed the Chief Executive Officer on 1st July, 2008. He succeeded Neville Isdell who was at the post. Under his leadership, various Coca Cola bottler companies experienced extra ordinary growth, over 250 percentage increase in the market capitalization and triple digit growth in different financial sectors. He has then joined as a chairman of board of directors in Coca Cola Company on 23rd April, 2009 (Grant, 2010). Evaluation of a CEO Performance According to Johnson et al (2005), a successful CEO is one who is available to subordinates and is able to relate with his or her organization in a trusted way. This extends to the way he/she conducts himself/herself to the public, its employees, suppliers and customers. Grant (2010) argues that he/she should be able to motivate the employees in an effective way so that they can work towards fulfilling the customers needs and desires. A good operational organization should have a CEO who can be looked upon by the other members of staff for decision making process. Liebeskind (2006) indicates that the performance assessment of a CEO can be done by observing the management system in an organization. A good CEOs performance will be reflected in the companys overall performance in the global market as it competes with the others. This requires a transparent communication concerning a companys progress with its customers, suppliers, employees, media and shareholders. It has been observed that Coca Colas CEO performs well in his position. He does this by promoting business care internally. According to Evens and Wurster (2007), a good performing CEO should place highlights to its employees in a persuasive manner, by motivating them to work towards achieving the companys goals and most importantly along the mission statement. The employees should also be motivated to work towards fulfilling the needs of the customer and this is what is seen in Coca Colas CEO. The CEO also engages the financial sector by focusing on the interest of the shareholders. He has engaged proactively with their major investors, bankers and insurers on issues that affect the companys innovation and business opportunities (Grant 2010). He has also articulated purpose, principle and values both internally and externally. He does this by communicating and behaving in a manner that is consisted with the companys proposed values, purpose and mission statement. The CEO makes sure that he holds regular meetings with his employees, interacted well with his business associates, holds dialogues and communication with the stakeholders and organizing for annual reports and other corporate publications. Shareholders It is observed by Barney (2001), that Coca Cola Companys mission statement drives and focuses on the interest of the shareholders. The companys CEO has identified several long tern objectives that maximize share owners value over time. The companys shareholders congratulates the efforts of the CEO who has seen that the company involves them in the decision making process. The Coca Cola Company as argued by Grant (2010) has committed itself to supporting the community in various ways such as; ensuring access to clean water and environment and providing employment opportunities which promotes economic growth. Suppliers According to White (2004), the principal raw material used by Coca Cola Company in United States is corn syrup, a form of sugar that is found from different local and domestic sources. The raw material that is used by the soft drink industry outside United States is sucrose which is also available from different sources. The managers have been observed to maintain a good relationship with its suppliers who contribute to the good performance of the company. Coca Cola Company has employed methods such as minority ownership and strategic alliances to improve and secure god and fruitful relationship with its suppliers (White 2004). Employees The employees at Coca Cola Company enjoy the benefits that the company offers. White (2004) argues that the company has initiated the use of total quality management system (TQM), which requires a well trained workforce that participates fully in ensuring the companies goals and objectives are achieved as stipulated in the companys mission statement. Such participations are usually reinforced by rewarding the employees and taking them through training programs (Nag et al, 2007). The employees of Coca Cola Company state that the ongoing education and training program in the company has helped them improve their knowledge, skills and the quality of work they produce, and makes it easy for the company to realize the objectives stipulated in the mission statement. The CEO of Coca Cola company has ensured that its employees are encouraged to be more responsible, communicate effectively and that they act creatively and innovatively. According to Thompson (2007), people mainly behave the wa y they do in organizations on the basis of how they are remunerated, and this can be linked to customer satisfaction (White 2004). Coca Cola has spread its interest to its employers by working so closely with them by asking them to openly identify, communicate and discuss environment issues to the top management. It hands out global employee engagement surveys regularly to allow the employees to make suggestions concerning the companys performance, and thus provides checks and balances to ensure the mission statements objectives are well maintained. Customers Coca Colas mission statement focuses on identifying customers needs and fulfilling it. The company has worked hard to reach to its potential and existing customers by considering their views and suggestions when making decisions. Johnson et al (2005), explains that the most effective way to reach to the customer is listening to what they have to say about the company. The Coca Cola Company has done excellent job in creating a friendly, convenient and informative website to discuss the factors that affects its organizations. The website also allows the customers to give personal suggestion on the products offered by Coca Cola Company. It has also fulfilled it goal by fulfilling the customers needs. It has a range of products that can be consumes freely by any consumer irrespective of the status or income level. It has also nicely packaged products which makes it easy for customers to carry about. Conclusion In line with the definition of a good manager as argued by Hamel (2002), the performance of Coca Cola CEO can be summarized to be one of a good manager. According to Corner (2004), a companys CEO has the ability to influence decision making process in the organization. He has the ability to control the internal factors in the organization by focusing on the companys stakeholders. The CEO has to ensure that the company operates in line with the companys mission statement, and at the same time fulfilling the companys visionary goals. Coca Cola company has matched its mission statement by involving the employees, customers, suppliers and shareholders in the decision making process. It has implemented an open door style to its stakeholders in which any of them can go to the management in case of any problem. All this has made the CEO to think out of the box when making decisions in the company. It has also enabled the CEO to identify and solve small problems before they become big and irresolvable. The majority of the top managers have well rounded backgrounds in the company, and this gives the CEO an easy time in handling them. It has also allowed problems in the company to be looked at from multiple angles all of which ensures that the mission statement objectives are met. Coca Cola Company conducts annual chief executive officer performance evaluations, which ensure that he offers the best leadership for the company. His performance is measured against the companys goals and objectives as projected in the mission statement. Coca Cola has nearly 7 million potential customers and counts its success by its ability to satisfy more of their beverage demand and adding value to the customer. It also does this by placing the right products in the right market at the right time, thus making it a reliable source of beverages for its customers and thus maintains its corporate image as projected in the mission statement.

Interstate 15 and California 60 Freeway Interchange Essay -- transporta

We take them for granted when driving miles to the closest mall. We are unconscious of their usefulness when traveling to see a distant relative by car. We can't take a moment to stop and admire their beauty and usefulness; the architectural wonders that are highways and their interchanges; which have such a rich history embedded in the American suburbia of today. Let's go back to the early 1900's, when the automobile was starting to become a dominate part of the American life (Morton, 2014). Around this time; a shift began to occur towards private transportation over public by influencing policies in their favor (Nicolaides and Wiese, 2006). One of these polices was created by the Federal Aid Highway of 1925; the United States Highway System which basically expanded the highways across the United States connecting one another, creating new opportunities for growth in many areas (Weingroff, 1996). This had many effects on different factors of the American way of life; specifically s uburbia (Morton, 2014). After the war, the private home that was a luxury a few years prior, was now becoming affordable for many thanks to low interest rates and flexible payments through the National Housing Act of 1934, created by the Federal Housing Administration (Fishman, 1987). Perfect example of a policy acting towards private over public was the Los Angles Master Plan of 1941, which pushed the direction of private automobiles and singles households: there being 1.16 million cars (2.4 people per car) and having 31 percent of the city land dedicated for single family homes, this was really solidifying the post suburbia lifestyle (Fishman, 1987). In Los Angeles alone around this time, 900 square miles were transformed to tract development homes ... ... have key roles in their contribution to the development of the highway we know today. Works Cited "California Roads and Highways." California @ AARoads. AARoads, 14 Jan. 2012. Web. 8 Mar. 2014. "Field Guide to Interchanges." Kurumi. Kurumi, n.d. Web. 8 Mar. 2014. Fishman, Robert. Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia. New York: Basic, 1987. Print. Morton, Patricia. "." Introduction to Architecture and Urbanism: Suburbia. University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA. 06 February, 2014. Lecture. Nicolaides, Becky M., and Andrew Wiese. "Postwar Suburbs and the Construction of Race." The Suburb Reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. 321-48. Print. Weingroff, Richard F. "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System." Public Roads. US Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, Summer 1996. Web. 09 Mar. 2014.

Health Promotion for Alcohol Essay

Bernadette Ward RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Ed, MPHandTM, MHlth Sci Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. B. Ward@latrobe. edu. au Glenda Verrinder RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Higher Ed, Grad Dip Pub and Com Health, MHlth Sci Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. ABSTRACT Alcohol misuse in Australia society is a community issue that can be addressed successfully within a health promotion framework. It is important that strategiesarenotperceivedas‘quickfixes’butwork toward addressing some of the underlying structural factors that contribute to the problem. Objective The objective of this article is to demonstrate how nurses can use the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion framework in addressing alcohol misuse among young people. Primary argument The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986) provides a useful framework from which to view the health of whole populations over their life course and in doing so work toward strengthening peoples’ health potential (World Health Organization 2005). The relevanceoftheCharterliesnotonlyintheinfluenceit has on establishing health promotion practice, but also theinfluenceithasonhealthpolicydevelopmentand health research (World Health Organization 2005). Conclusion Parents and community members have an important role to play in addressing alcohol misuse among adolescents but they need to be supported by nurses who can provide care within a health promotion framework. KEY WORDS alcohol, youth, Ottawa charter AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 114 POINT OF VIEW INTRODUCTION The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) has been ‘phenomenally influential in guiding the development of the concept of health promotion and shaping public health practice’ (Nutbeam 2005). The Charter is now more than 30 years old and, as a landmark document, outlines a clear statement of action that continues to have resonance for nurses around the world. The Charter was re? endorsed in Bangkok at the 2005, 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion as it had been in Mexico? City (2000), Jakarta (1997), Sundsvall (1991) and Adelaide (1988). The principles and action areas have stood the test of time in nursing, health policy development and health research. Itisnowknowntherearemanyfactorswhichinfluence health and illness. There is generally no single cause or single contributing factor which determines the likelihood of health or illness; rather there tends to be a variety of causes. Factors that determine physical and mental health status include income, employment, poverty, education, and access to community resources. These social factors generate people’s life experiences and opportunities which inturnmakeiteasierormoredifficultforpeopleto make positive decisions about their health. While there are many actions that a person can take to protect their own or their families’ health, very often the social context of their lives makes it impossible to take those actions (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). Health promotion and disease prevention strategies at the societal level are now part of the repertoire of nursing interventions. The Ottawa Charter highlights the importance of building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills and reorienting health services. Used collectively in any population setting, the action areas have a better chance of promoting health than when they are used in isolation. The Charter also highlights the potential role of organisations, systems and communities, as well as individual behaviours and capacities (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 Health promotion strategies have been used effectivelytoaddresshealthissuesthatareidentified as problems by the community. In Australia and throughout other western countries, the misuse of alcohol by young people has been highlighted as a problem (Toumbourou et al 2003). Alcohol misuse amongst adolescents For many Australians, alcohol consumption is a pleasurable part of everyday life (Parliament of Victoria 2004). However in recent years there have been several reports highlighting that the proportion of adolescents consuming alcohol and the amount of alcohol they are drinking is at record levels (AIHW 2008; White and Hayman 2006; Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The long and short term sequelae associated with risky or high risk alcohol consumption include negative physical, emotional and social consequences (NHMRC 2001). Immediate harms include accidents, injuries, decreased scholastic and sporting performance, aggression, violence, assault, disrupted family relationships, high risk sexual activity,drivingwhileundertheinfluenceofalcohol and delinquent behaviour (Jones and Donovan 2001). Among young people aged 16 to 24 years, alcohol related harm is one of the leading causes of disease andinjuryburden(AIHW2006). Thesefindingsare consistent with population based research in Europe, United States and Canada (Jernigan 2001). CommunityconcernhasbeenreflectedinAustralian media reports about ‘teenage binge drinking’ and the associated harms and generated debate in the Australian media about raising the legal age of alcohol consumption from 18 to 21 years (Editor 2008; Toumbourou et al 2008). In countries outside Australia, studies have demonstrated that raising the legal age for alcohol consumption reduces adolescents’ access to alcohol and the subsequent associated harms (Ludbrook et al 2002; Grube 1997). While there are lessons to be learned from these settings, perceptions of health and how to address the determinants of illness have changed due to a combination of well informed ‘top? down’ and well anchored ‘bottom? up’ approaches to policy making (WHO 2005). Previous reports in Australia 115 POINT OF VIEW have suggested there is little community support for any proposed changes to the current age for alcohol consumption and instead focus is more on the enforcement of current legislation (Loxley et al 2004). Australianparentshaveacriticalroleininfluencing the attitudes and beliefs of young people toward alcohol consumption. However parents have indicated they are looking for information, skills and community support to assist them in guiding their adolescents’ safe use of alcohol (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The five action areas of the Ottawa Charter provides strategies from which nurses can support parents to promote health and encourage safe alcohol consumption patterns among adolescents. By using the framework of the Ottawa Charter, nurses have a strong evidence base and useful framework from which to support families and the broader community in addressing the issue of alcohol misuse among young Australians. Reflecting on their own professional setting, nurses can use the Ottawa Charter framework to guide and inform interventions aimed at reducing alcohol related harm among young people. Using the Ottawa Charter as a framework to address the determinants of illness associated with alcohol misuse 1. Action area 1: Build healthy public policy causes of ill health. Community action strategies are an important way of addressing alcohol related harm (Parliament of Victoria 2004). Regulation and restriction of sales, increased server liability, increased alcohol taxes and lowered blood alcohol limits are some of the policy areas which have been shown to be effective in reducing alcohol related harm (Parliament of Victoria 2004). Healthy public policy affects the entire population directly or indirectly. Nurses have a key role in informing and advocating on behalf of clients, families and the broader community and in promoting effective public policy. 2. Action area 2: Create supportive environments Building healthy public policy is one of the solutions to improving health. All public policy should be examined for its impact on health and, where policies have a negative impact on health, strategies implemented to change them. Healthy public policy is needed to ensure that people are safe. In recent years, initiatives to reduce alcohol related harm have increasingly been focused on high risk individuals (Parliament of Victoria 2004). While these strategies may be appropriate for individuals, they do little to reduce the burden of disease at the community level (Midford 2004). There are risks attached to focusing on individual behaviours and victim blaming instead of addressing the structural AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 Healthy public policy assists in creating supportive environments that are important in ensuring that everyone lives in a place that is safe and enjoyable. Alcohol misuse is not just something that pertains to young people; it is a problem that impacts on all members of the community. In a society where alcohol is often seen as an integral part of life (Australian Government 2006) and alcohol misuse is implicated in one third of all road accidents (AustralianGovernment2001)whatisdefined as safe needs to be re? considered. Parents commonly supply alcohol to their adolescents (Graham et al 2006; Ward et al 2006; Shanahan and Hewitt 1999) and in Australia enforcement of current legislation to restrict underage access to alcohol is ‘patchy’ (Loxley et al 2004). As a result,manyadolescentsfindaccesstoalcohol easy. In addition, alcohol advertising that is targeted to youth is often linked with social and sexual success and hence contravenes the Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code (Jones et al 2001). Public policy designed to create supportive environments has resulted in the ‘settings’ approach to health promotion, where working for change occurs through partnerships at the community level (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). Nurses, for example, have a role in 116 POINT OF VIEW facilitating interaction between teachers and parents and between local government and school communities so they can exchange information, ideas, clarify values (McMurray 2003) and identify strategies that will focus on reducing alcohol related harm among young people. Nurses can encourage and establish primary care partnerships to develop alcohol action plans designed to improve the health and wellbeing of adolescents. 3. Action area 3: Strengthen community action 4. Action area 4: Develop personal skills Strengthening community action is important and so there needs to be mechanisms by which the community can participate in decision making as a community and not just as an individual. Communities can determine what their needs are and how they can best be met. Thus greater power and control remains with the people themselves, rather than totally with the ‘experts’. Community development strategies are one means by which this can be achieved. To date in Australia there have not been any formal consultations with youth about raising the legal age of alcohol consumption. Central to the success of the Ottawa Charter is increasing people’s control over their own health and issues that impact on it. The participation of youth groups is critical to the principles of equity and participation. In countries outside Australia, some community mobilisation programs have been effective in changing community factors (e. g. underageaccesstoalcohol)thatinfluence alcohol use amongst young people (Holder et al 1997). There are a number of successful community mobilisation approaches that have focused on reducing alcohol related harm among young people (Hingson and Sleet 2007; Hanson et al 2000). The role for nurses is to draw on these examples to successfully mobilise young people to be involved in the decision making process about issues that impact on their health and wellbeing. Developing personal skills is important if people are to feel more in control of their lives and have more power in decisions that affect them. Helping people develop their skills ensures that people have the information and knowledge necessary to make informed choices. InAustralia,manyparentsfindithard to communicate with their adolescents about alcohol (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). It is alsoclearthatmanyparentsfindthemselves isolated and powerless to do anything about their adolescents’ alcohol misuse (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). Systematic reviews of alcohol and other drug education programs in schools indicate that effective school based programs should begin before initiation to alcohol and other drugs and that content should include social skills and resistance training. In addition, community values, societal contexts and information about drug related harm need to be included (Midford et al 2002). Alcohol education programs that provide information alone have limited success (Foxcroft et al 2003). Without an understanding of alcohol related harms and interventions to address those harms, parents and community members cannot support initiatives for changes (Howat et al 2007). Nurses can work with parents, teachers and students to provide formal and informal education (WHO 2005) which informs alcohol related harm reduction policies. 5. Action area 5: Reorient health services Reorienting health care is important in ensuring that health promotion is everybody’s business. Re?orientating health services means that nurses have a pivotal role in fostering intersectoral collaboration between the health sector, police, education, adolescents and parents. There is some evidence to suggest that brief interventions can have some effect in reducing alcohol related harm among young people (Loxley et al 2004). However recent AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 117 POINT OF VIEW overseas evidence suggests that in settings that are most commonly used by adolescents, many health practitioners are not comfortable and adequately skilled when working with young people (McPherson 2005). Working in partnership with other health care providers, nurses can encourage positive health practices where brief interventions that focus on harm reduction, can be provided from places where young people congregate (McMurray, 2003). Graham, M. , Ward, B. , Munro, G. , Snow, P. and Ellis, J. 2006. Rural parents, teenagers and alcohol: what are parents thinking? Rural and Remote Health, 6(online):383. Available from: http://www. rrh. org. au/publishedarticles/article_print_383. pdf (accessed May 2008). Grube, J. 1997. Preventing sales of alcohol to minors: results from a community trial. Addiction, 92(S2):S251?260. Hanson, B. , Larrson, S. and Rastam, L. 2000. Time trends in alcohol habits – results from the Kirseberg Project in Malmo, Sweden. Subst. Use Misuse. 35(1&2) 171? 187. Hingson, R. , Azkocs, R. , Herren, T. , Winter, M. , Rosenbloom, D. and DeJong, W. 2005. Effects on alcohol related fatal crashes of a community based initiative to increase substance abuse treatment and reduce alcohol availability. Injury Prevention, 11: 84? 90. Holder, H. , Saltz, R. , Grube, J. , Voas, R. , Gruenewald, P. and Treno, A. 1997. A community prevention trial to reduce alcohol? involved accidental injury and death: overview. Addiction, 92(S2):S155? 171. Howat, P. , Sleet, D. , Maycock, B. and Elder, R. 2007. Effectiveness of Health Promotion in Prevention Alcohol Related Harm, In: McQueen, DV. and Jones, CM. Global Perspectives on Health Promotion Effectiveness. Springer, New York. Jernigan, D. 2001. Global status report: alcohol and young people. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: http://libdoc. who. int/hq/2001/WHO_MSD_MSB_01. 1. pdf (accessed May 2008). Jones, S. and Donovan, R. 2001. Messages in alcohol advertising targeted to youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(2):126? 131. Loxley, W. , Toumbourou, J. and Stockwell, T. 2004. The prevention of substance use, risk and harm in Australia: a review of the evidence. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra, Australia. Available from: http://www. health. gov. au/internet/wcms/publishing. nsf/ Content/health? pubhlth? publicat? document? mono_prevention? cnt. htm/$FILE/prevention_summary. pdf (accessed May 2008). Ludbrook, A. , Godfrey, C. , Wyness, L. , Parrot, S. , Haw, S. , Napper, M. and van Teijlingen, E. 2002. Effective and cost effective measures to reduce alcohol misuse in Scotland: a literature review. University of York: Aberdeen, Scotland. Available from: http:// www. scotland. gov. uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire? 00. asp (accessed May 2008). McPherson, A. 2005. Adolescents in primary care. British Medical Journal, 330(26):465? 467. Midford, R. 2004. Community action to reduce alcohol problems: what should we try in Australia. Centrelines: Newsletter of the National Centres for Drug and Alcohol Research. Available from: http://espace. lis. curtin. edu. au/archive/00000502/01/ Pages_from_ndri012. pdf (accessed May 2008). Midford, R. , Munro, G. , McBride, M. , Snow, P.and Ladzinski, U. 2002. Principles that underpin effective school? based drug education. Journal of Drug Education, 32(4):363? 386. McMurray, A. 2003. Community Health and Wellness (2nd edn). Elsevier: Marrickville, NSW, Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). 2001. Australian Alcohol Guidelines. Canberra, Australia. Available from: http://www. nhmrc. gov. au/publications/synopses/ds9syn. htm (accessed May 2008). Nutbeam, D. 2005. What would the Ottawa Char ter look like if it were written today? Available from: http://www. rhpeo. org/reviews/2005/19/index.htm (accessed March 2007). CONCLUSION The development of evidence informed practice in nursing includes using robust health promotion models and methods to address complex issues suchasalcoholmisuse. Thefiveactionareasofthe Ottawa Charter integrate the various perspectives on health promotion. Used collectively, they still serve a useful function in directing the practice of nurses who work with young people, their families, and the community. REFERENCES Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. 2006. National Alcohol Strategy 2006? 2009. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Available from: http://www. alcohol. gov. au/internet/alcohol/ publishing. nsf/Content/nas? 06? 09 (accessed May 2008). Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care, National Expert Advisory Committee on Alcohol. 2001. Alcohol in Australia: issues and strategies. A background paper to the National Alcohol Strategy: A Plan for Action 2001 to 2003/04. Canberra: Australia. Available from: http://www. health. gov. au/ internet/drugstrategy/publishing. nsf/Content/00701CF3C77 7718CCA2571790008D615/$File/alcohol_strategy_back. pdf (accessed May 2008). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2008. 2007 National DrugStrategyHouseholdSurvey:firstresults. DrugStatisticsSeries No 20, cat. no. PHE 98. AIHW: Canberra, Australia. Available from: http://www. aihw. gov. au/publications/index. cfm/title/10579 (accessed May 2008). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). 2006. Australia’s health 2006. AIHW cat. no. AUS73. Canberra, Australia. Available from: http://www. aihw. gov. au/publications/index. cfm/ title/10321#full_publication (accessed May 2008). Editor. 2008. Confronting the demon of under-age alcohol abuse. The Age, 12 March, p.16, Fairfax: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Foxcroft, D. , Ireland, D. , Lister? Sharp, D. , Lowe, G. , and Breen, R. 2003. Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people, The Cochrane Library, Oxford: UK. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 118 POINT OF VIEW Parliament of Victoria (Australia). Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee. 2004. Inquiry into Strategies to Reduce Harmful Alcohol Consumption. Discussion Paper. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Available from: http://www. parliament. vic. gov. au/ dcpc/Reports/DCPC? DiscussionPaper_Alcohol_2004? 10? 21. pdf (accessed May 2008). Shanahan, P. and Hewitt, N. 1999. Developmental Research for a National Alcohol Campaign. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Available from: http://www. alcohol. gov. au/internet/alcohol/publishing. nsf/Cont ent/3E8AC9F060C5D877CA257261000EC925/$File/alcocamp. pdf (accessed May 2008). Talbot, L. and Verrinder, G. 2005. Promoting health: the primary health care approach (3rd ed). Elsevier: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Toumbourou, J. , Duff, C. and Bamberg, J. 2003. Family intervention in the prevention of drug? related harm. Prevention Research Evaluation Repor t, 7, 1? 14. Available from: http://www. druginfo. adf. org. au/downloads/Prevention_ Research_Quarterly/REP_No7_03Aug_Family_intervention. pdf (accessed May 2008). Toumbourou, J. , Moodie, R. , Eyre, J. and Harper, T. 2008. Set boundaries, set an example. The Age, 8 March, p. 5. Fairfax: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ward, B. , Snow, P. , Munro, G. , Graham, M. and Dickson? Swift, V. 2006. It starts with the parents and ends with the parents: the attitudes, knowledge and practices of metropolitan parents in relation to teenage alcohol use. Australasian College of Road Safety Journal, 17(3):20? 28. White, V. and Hayman, J. 2006. Australian secondary school students’ use of alcohol in 2005. The Cancer Council and the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Available from: http://www. health. gov. au/internet/drugstrategy/ publishing. nsf/Content/85D7B21B3E3A993ECA25722500077 55F/$File/mono58. pdf (accessed May 2008). World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Global health promotion scaling up for 2015: a brief review of major impacts and developments over the past 20 years and challenges for 2015. Paper presented at the 6th Global Conference on Health Promotion, Bangkok, Thailand. Available from: http://www. who. int/healthpromotion/conferences/6gchp/hpr_conference_ background. pdf (accessed May 2008). World Health Organization 2005. WMA Statement on reducing the global impact of alcohol on health and society, World Medical Association, France. World Health Organization. 1986. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Available at: http://www. who. int/hpr/NPH/docs/ ottawa_charter_hp. pdf (accessed May 2008). AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING Volume 25 Number 4 119.