Evaluating the Research Process Essay

Remote communities face several challenges concerning health care. For instance, communication with health care professionals, transportation, availability of doctors, and shortage of doctors. Literature review to identify and review new methods of improving access to health, quality of care, and improving the effectiveness of delivering health care services in remote Alaskan villages. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases that index health research were used along with Artic health databases. Abstracts and full articles were reviewed and categorized into four sections. Organizational structure of health services, Telehealth, E-health, and medical transportation. â€Å"Despite the challenges facing rural and remote regions, there is a distinctly positive message from this broad literature review. Evidence-based initiatives exist across a range of areas – which include operational efficiency and integration, access to care, organizational structure, public health, continuing education and workforce composition that have the potential to positively impact health care quality and health-related outcomes† (Masucci, Mitton, & Dionne, 2011). The literature review did not identify any past research associated with new ideas to improve access, quality, and efficiency in the organizational structures and delivery of health care services in northern rural and remote and rural populations. This review was directed toward the redesign of health care systems in Nunavut territory in Canada. When conducting research in an academic or professional setting, it is important to display ethical responsibility throughout the research study. For instance, Researchers conducting the study and collecting data should obtain permission from individuals who are involved in the study in any way. Researchers must ensure subjects involved in the study are not in any physical or emotional harm, such as asking difficult questions or using insensitive words. One very important consideration for researchers to remember when conducting any form of data collection is to be sure to maintain their own personal biases and opinions so they do not get in the way of the research. Research such as questionaries’ or observations should be conducted under the assumption that findings are kept anonymous. It is important to let the research subject know whether the research results will be anonymous or not. Research subjects should be chosen based on what and who will be most beneficial to  the research. And last, when reporting results from the research study the results must be accurately represented from what he or she was told or what you observed. For example, do not discuss parts of observations without putting them in appropriate context. Research has found that telehealth and ehealth has been effective in providing information of health professions with educational opportunities to in these rural populations that would not have been provided without telehealth and ehealth. Therefore, telehelath and ehealth system have a significant impact on improving access and quality care. The research also identified the use of medical air transport when needed services are not available as well as transportation to and from rural and remote regions. The study affirmed the importance of medical air transport in rural and remote regions while indicating such concerns are not unusual. Second, there are no evidence-based guidelines indicating which services to provide in local regions as opposed to having access by medical air transport or procedures in selecting which patients to select for emergency are transported. Currently no framework exists to determine the over or underutilization of medical air transport. Researchers found that the regions with the largest potential impact in remote regions are public health where several programs have been implemented, and analyzed indicating high degree of success. For example, health promotion programs such as alcohol and smoking cessation, obesity, exercise, dental care, hygiene, and suicide prevention. The literature strongly indicates these programs have positive impacts. Therefore, the regions in the research study have opportunity to improve the delivery and organization structure of health care services. This particular research study was not a systematic review. According to Masucci, Mitton, and Dionne (2011) â€Å"The purpose of the article was not to find literature on a wide range of topics but rather to find exemplary articles that could speak to the topics at hand. However, the caution is that while we attempted to provide both sides of any given story, in some cases important papers may have been missed which could suggest important alternative courses of action.† (p. 470). The research team relied on an advisory board that gave advice on their work. Review of only found positive solutions in which history politics, structures, and behavior contribute to improvement the key factor is action ability. This information will be crucial to enhancing care in the targeted regions as well as other  remote and rural regions nationwide. The research study identifies several challenges that northern rural remote regions face. The literature review found several evidence based initiative from operational efficiency, integration, applying telehealth, applying ehealth, organizational structure, public health, continuing education, and workforce composition have potential to have a positive impact on health outcomes in rural and remote northern regions. The only area of research that indicated not to have a positive impact was medical air transport indicating further research is needed. The research study has provided an extensive survey from literate regarding innovations in the organizational structure and delivery of health serveries in northern rural and remote regions. This study did not find any conflicts of interest regarding the improvement of health care in these rural and remote regions. Specific ideas and strategies found to improving access, quality, and efficiency in the organization structure and delivery of health care services in rural and remote northern regions are palliative model, which performed most effective for patients on weekly case conferences, on-call nursing, patient held records, shared protocols, and procedures. Reference: Masucci, L., Mitton, C., & Dionne, F. (2011). ) Innovations in health service organization and delivery in northern rural and remote regions: a review of the literature. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 70(5), 460-472.

Physical and Behavioural Indicators of Possible Child Abuse Essay

Emotional abuse: Emotional abuse can severely damage a child’s mental health or social development, leaving a lasting impact on his life. Physical indicators: There are not really physical indicators of emotional abuse, but the child may have frequent psychosomatic complaints, headaches, nausea, abdominal pains. Behavioural indicators: The child may have mental or emotional development lags. Sometimes the child’s behaviour is inappropriate for the age. The child may be scared of consequences of actions, often leading to lying. The other indicators are aggressiveness poor peer relationships or overly compliant, too well-mannered. Neglect: Child neglect is a very common type of abuse – a parent’s inability to satisfy basic needs of the child, whether it is adequate food, clothing, hygiene, and adequate monitoring and care for him. Physical indicators: You can understand that that the child is being abuse by unattended medical and dental needs. When the child is inappropriate dress for weather conditions and has poor hygiene. Other indicator is when the child is not attending school or is not registered. Behavioural indicators: Emotional indicators are depression, poor impulse control or have lack of parental participation and interest. Also the child misuse of alcohol/drugs or regularly displays fatigue or listlessness, falls asleep in class. The child may start stealing food, or begs for food from classmates. Physical abuse: Physical abuse includes physical injury or trauma to the child. It may be the result of a deliberate attempt to injure the child, but not always. It can be the result of strict discipline, the use of belt or physical punishment, inappropriate for the child’s age or it’s condition. Many abusive parents and guardians insist that their actions are simply forms of discipline, a way to educate children. But there is much difference between the use of physical punishment to enforce discipline and physical abuse. The main effect of discipline is to teach children what is right and what is not, rather than live in fear. Physical Indicators: Physical indicators may be injuries as bruises, welts, cuts, burns, bite marks, fractures, that are not consistent with the explanation offered (e.g. extensive bruising to one area).Also repeated injuries over a period of time or injuries that form a shape or pattern that may look like the object used to make the injury for example buckle, hand, iron, teeth or cigarette burns. Other indicators are facial injuries in infants and preschool children for example cuts, bruises or sores. Also bald patches on child’s head where hair may have been torn out or repeated poisonings and/or accidents. Behavioural indicators: Behavioural indicators are runaway attempts, fear of going home or stilted conversation, vacant stares or frozen watchfulness, no attempt to seek comfort when hurt, also when the child describes themself as bad and deserving to be punished. You can understand that the child is being abuse when cannot recall how injuries occurred, or offers an inconsistent explanation and often absent from school/child care. Abused child may flinch if touched unexpectedly and may be extremely aggressive or withdrawn .The child may also use abusive behaviour and language in play. Sexual abuse: Sexual abuse is a very complex form of abuse beacause of feelings of guilt and shame. Important to note that sexual abuse does not always involve contact with the body. Physical indicators: Physical indicators may be sudden weight change, cuts or sores made by the child on the arm or recurring physical ailments. Also when the child has difficulty in walking or sitting and unusual or excessive itching in the genital or anal area due to infection. Other indicators are torn, stained or bloody underwear, also injuries to the mouth, genital or anal areas for example bruising, swelling, sores or infection. Behavioural indicators: You can understand that the child being abuse when it is sad and cries often, also if the child inserts objects into the vagina or rectum. The child may also change or loss of appetite and has sleep disturbances and nightmares .Also the child has fear of home or a specific place, excessive fear of men or women or lacks trust in others. The child may has age-inappropriate sexual play with toys, themselves or others for example replication of explicit sexual acts.

Oral presentation on golf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oral presentation on golf - Essay Example Thank you. Golf is a game requiring mastery in a variety of areas for success. There might be different ways to success but it should be understood that those players who show high and stable results have reached heights in the areas of mechanics, physical, nutritional, and mental. Mechanics is the development of the proper biomechanics of the golf swing. Physical entails developing the body around the golf swing. Nutrition incorporates fueling the body for proper success on the golf course. Mental is the development of the correct mind set to excel at the game of golf. Often the golfer tends to focus only upon the development of the golf swing through mastery of biomechanics of the golf swing. It is understandable why golfers spend an in ornate amount of this part of developing their golf game: developing the biomechanics of the golf swing requires the player to correctly master each phase of the golf swing (these phases are address, backswing, transition, downswing, and follow through). What the beginners at times fail to recognize is that additional categories exist requiring development to create the optimal golf swing. If ignored, these aspects can negatively affect the development of the golf swing and golf game. The next category requiring development within the golfer is categorized as physical.

Acting and Acting Styles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Acting and Acting Styles - Assignment Example This provides the viewer with face to face interaction with the actor (Gibbs, 2013). The most common acting styles in film industry are naturalistic and stylized acting. Naturalistic actors are mandated to be in oneness with the character’s dress, mannerism and upbringing. He must have un-distinguishable character. Stylized acting depends on an approach that is more conspicuous to put across the director’s point. They produce comic effect through characteristic hyperbolism through dramatizing (Anderson, 2009). The significant placement of actor is known as blocking. In this style the actors are positioned in a way that can shore the dominance of a character over the other. It also depicts the grandness family and other relationships possible. This is used in the film to show the supremacy of the God Father (Coppola, 1972). The special effect acting style of Rear Projection is often used to give an illusion of a film scene on a location. It involves a combination of present foreground action and pre-filmed background footage. It is common in driving scenes. The un-realistic looking technique of this style is evident in the Romantic comedy by Hudson (Reed,

In what ways can 'childhood' and 'youth' be understood as social Essay

In what ways can 'childhood' and 'youth' be understood as social constructions - Essay Example The objective of this essay is to identify the different ways childhood and youth is because of social construction. The essay will mainly use Kehily’s book understanding youths. Kehily is one of the most popular sociologists in the world today. She has researched on many issues relating to childhood, youths, gender and sexuality. In the book Understanding Youths, she has used history and sociocultural approaches to prove that childhood is a social construction. The use of history and sociocultural approaches is important in her book since in part one, she talks about perspective. She has used past researches by other sociologists in trying to show the changes that childhood has undergone based on the time period, culture and the economic activities during the time stated. She has used Aries findings that in the 15th century, children even at the age of 5 years were free to do anything that the adults were doing (Classen, 2005, p. 171). This changed in the 16th century, where children were for economic purposes since they could work to boost the family’s income. During the industrial revolution, childhood changed since the law against child labor was introduced thus children suffered from separation with their parents. In 1950, childhood took another twist and it was the beginning of children being very dependent on their parents (Veerman, 1992, p. 58). The second part of Kehily’s book is self-identity; she has based her argument on the historical findings that childhood is different due to the social status (Kehily, 2007, p. 19). She claims that in the West; whose occupants were wealthy spoilt their children, this is different with the Western region where childhood had no meaning since their parents were poor thus they had to work. The third part of the book covers the activities and that the youths engage in thus gaining experience. She states that

The findingds and dicussion chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

The findingds and dicussion chapter - Essay Example It is one of the most common developmental disorders. Autism in the recent years has shown an increasing profile, as regards acquiring a clear delineation and rising public awareness. This in turn has increased the importance of autism, both within the society, and especially within the realms of education systems. This paper gives an insight into the present educational support available for the autistic children, with a special focus on the special education programs for such students in Saudi Arabia. This paper also makes a review of the studies that explored the teachers' perspectives regarding the integrative model for students with autism. To achieve better results from the various special education programs and therapies, the general and special educators, the parents of children with autism, the policymakers, and other associated professionals should bear in mind the various critical peripherals of an effective educational program for the autistic children, within the present educational system of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Educational system for boys with autism in Saudi Arabia 1 Introduction 1 Background history â€Å"Autistic spectrum disorders are lifelong, complex, controversial, challenging to service providers, they can cause severe impairments and they are not uncommon† PHIS Report (2001, p.7) Autism is a form of developmental disorder that makes an appearance in an individual during the first 3 years of his life, and â€Å"affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills† (PubMedHealth, Autism, 2010). This  disorder, which is associated with impairment in neural development,  is characterized by faulty social and  communicating skills, and in the perceived stereotyped and restricted behaviours of a child. Autism influences the information processing within the  human brain that occurs due to the changes in the structure, organisation, and connection, of the nerve cells and the  synapses (Levy, Mandell, and Schultz,  2009, par. Neurobiology). Autism is a part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASDs) that includes three (sometimes five, if Rett and childhood disintegrative disorder are included) clinically recognised disorders. These are: Autism; Asperger syndrome that shows the same characteristics as Autism, but is less severe in the sense that the child shows no impairment in cognitive and language development; and  Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified  (or PDD-NOS). The PDD-NOS is diagnosed, after all the standard diagnoses tests for Autism and Asperger Syndrome have failed to meet the required criteria (Johnson, C., Scott M., and the Council on Children with Disabilities, 2007, 1183-1186). Autism can be defined as a disorder of the â€Å"affective contact, as an organic dysfunction of biological origin, and as a neurological or brain disorder† (Marwick, Dunlop and MacKay, 2005, 8). This disorder vitiates the functional abilities of a chil d to form

Protest Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protest Paper - Essay Example This is a movement that seems to be gaining ground across the states ever since New York passed their city council resolution banning the use of cellphones in cinemas, restaurants, and theatres. Even cities in foreign countries such as London, England have made moves to limit the public use of the mobile phone. I feel that the moves of these cities, which are on opposite ends of the world, to curtail the freedom of expression and right to remain connected with one another should be stopped before it becomes a world wide trend. It is an infringement on our universal human rights and should not be tolerated in any part of the world. There is absolutely no reason to ban the use of cellphones in public places. In fact, doing so will instead create a bigger problem for our society in terms of personal and public safety. It is difficult to walk in the streets these days without seeing a person who isn't on his mobile phone. Be it a friendly chat or something truly important, we have to adm it that there are opportune and inopportune times and places for people to be using their mobile phones. When a person uses his mobile phone during the wrong times, this can cause annoyance, interference, and disruption in the normal function of our society. Those who support the total ban of cellphone use in public places do so because, as everyone tends to notice, people who are talking on their mobile phones while walking or in public places like restaurants and cinemas, tend to do so at the top of their lungs, I am not sure if that is because of a bad signal reception or because they are simply hard of hearing. Whatever the reason, shouting into your cellphone while in a public place is an embarrassing nuisance to those around you. However, if the only reason that cellphone use in public places is being frowned upon is because it poses a discomfort to those who do not happen to be on their mobile phones at the time, perhaps something can be done to lessen the hassle that they pe rceive to be undergoing when placed in the company of people who regularly use their cellphones. In other words, maybe the ban on cellphone use in public can be prevented, for as long as cellphone users learn to exercise good manners and proper etiquette when using the gadget in a public setting. Simple etiquette such as placing the ringer on vibrate rather than letting the phone ring to the latest Lady Gaga pop tune would show that you respect the activity of people who are doing other things, such as eating, reading or writing next to you. Every cellphone is capable of notifying you of your latest text message or phone call without having to throw an impromptu concert in the process. Of course conversations in public cannot be helped. In fact, we all communicate with one another when out in public and we do not seem to have a problem with the mix of words and discussions in public places as a society. Which is why I wonder as to why people protest the use of mobile phones so much. It's still a method of carrying on a conversation, that's all. But, just to show respect for those who do not wish to know what is going in the life of the person using the cellphone, it won't hurt to learn how to modulate your voice in order to keep a semblance of privacy within your conversation. Nobody really needs to know that you forgot to feed the cat

See below Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See below - Dissertation Example In the last thirty years legal barriers to the employment of women in correction have been removed. Larger numbers of women are now employed in this sector, but there are still issues relating to the concentration of female employees in certain jobs or facilities (horizontal segregation) and at certain levels in correctional organizations (vertical segregation). In the corrections context the segregation between administration and â€Å"frontline† staff, often expressed in the terms â€Å"contact† and â€Å"non-contact† may disguise deep prejudices about what kind of work is â€Å"appropriate† for men and for women. This kind of prejudice is hard to remove. The barriers which now exist are more likely to be cultural and social, as male employees seek to maintain their dominant position. Men are more likely to appoint men, and some of the prevailing cliches about violence and control favour a masculine view of the world. The issue of women being hampered in their career progression by the dominance of men is common in many areas of employment and not just in corrections. There has been extensive work on the â€Å"glass ceiling effect† which is what happens when invisible barriers are placed in the way to prevent women from having equal chances against men. (Wirth, 2001) Studies have shown that gender stereotyping has often used by male correction officers in the past to argue oppose integration of male and female staff. Women’s alleged weakness and vulnerability to rape from prisoners, for example, has been often cited as evidence that women officers in prisons are a security risk. In previous years subtle practices like height and weight requirements filtered out many women from particular roles, but nowadays the arguments used for the preferment of men are more likely to be made on the basis of security concerns, or alternatively the rights of prisoners, the majority of whom are men, to have their privacy respected by keeping their living quarters free of the presence of women. Scholars have pointed out that the evidence from the 1980s and early 1990s shows a greater awareness of the issues, but a mixed result in terms of actual career chances for Women. From the mid 1990s onward there is evidence of considerable intervention and positive action to address equal opportunities in correctional facilities. Key achievements such as the appointment of Kathleen Hawk as the first female Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1992 are evidence of this. Some of the barriers to women’s success are due to the long traditions that have been built up in training and on the job which unintentionally favour men. Feinman describes for example the tendency of women to achieve lower scores than men on a rifle shooting exercise which was addressed at first by offering women extra training. It was noticed that the rifles were unnecessarily heavy: â€Å"A new lighter and more effective rifle was selecte d, and women achieved very high scores immediately† (Feinman, 1994, p. 168) Other factors such as the location of many male prisons in rural areas can make it difficult for women with children to relocate in order to take up promotion opportunities. A minority of women in senior positions also means that there is a lack of female role models and mentors for future generations.

Socio-Economic Profile of a Switzerland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Socio-Economic Profile of a Switzerland - Essay Example In the paper, Switzerland’s status regarding Market Economy and Productivity, Purchasing Power Parity and Human Development Index are discussed. Religion is an important social variable that often determines the associated risk factors with a certain form of business. The religious stubbornness of the people of a country might put many constraining factors on the business environment of that country. By December 2010 the population of Switzerland was 7.9 million (. According to a publicly funded study the foundation of religious belief in Switzerland is eroding at a fast pace. 32 percent of Swiss populations are Protestant and 31 percent of them are Catholics; 12 percent are of non-Christian religion and 25 percent does not have any religious beliefs. Forty years ago the scenario was lot different when only one percent of the Swiss population was bereft of any religious belief. In the year 2000, the same figure stood at 11 percent. Language is the most important form of person al communication. Since in business communicating with people is most necessary, hence having a clear knowledge of the official languages of a country before setting foot upon its soil is most important from the business point of view. The four official languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Rumantsch. The meaning of body language and etiquette along with corporate culture differs from country to country. Knowing the meaning of the same might make a difference regarding success or failure of a business decision. The Swiss value â€Å"cleanliness, honesty, hard work, and material possessions†. The Switzerland motto is â€Å"Unity, yes; Uniformity, no.† The Swiss people are â€Å"proud of their environment and have a long tradition of freedom. They value sobriety, thrift, tolerance, punctuality and a sense of responsibility.†

Critique on Dead Aid by Dambisa Moyo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critique on Dead Aid by Dambisa Moyo - Essay Example Dambisa Moyo has an exceptional background on the African economy, since she has degrees from prominent learning institutions such as Harvard and Oxford. She has also worked in major organization globally such as World Bank and Goldman Sachs (Collier, 2009). The concept of the book is accepted because it has outstanding information. The summary of the research question of the argument, and theoretical framework of the Dead Aid is aptly analyzed. The internal analysis of Moyo’s book is examined in details by stating the type and eminence of evidence used. Lastly, a discussion on the input of the book to the larger debates on Globalization is discussed aptly. Part 1 Summary of the Research Question of the Argument, and Theoretical Framework of the Book The summary of the research questions of the argument and theoretical framework from Moyo’s Dead Aid is; ‘Is foreign aid affecting African economic progression negatively?’ The basic argument shows whether fore ign aid set for Africa has failed, secondly, whether it has accelerated poverty in the African continent. Finally, it recommends other effectual ways of improving economic development instead of relying on foreign aid. The book discusses whether foreign aid granted to African countries has caused monumental injury, which damages the intended sectors such as political and monetary to be sustained. Part 2 Internal critical evaluation of the book: type of evidence used, quality of the evidence Case selection & how well does the evidence support the argument? The case selection of the book affirms how Moyo states causes and effects of foreign aid in African states. She tries to uncover the real truth to the world, which shows the failure of western countries to put extra efforts in finding other alternatives of making Africa’s economy stable and strong, despite the fact that their intentions of offering the donations are constructive. Thus, Dead Aid argument uncovers the ideologi cal myth of aid as the core reasons for the underdevelopment of African states and the undermining the moral principle that makes granting of foreign aid as a political and ethical imperative. The case selection of the book tries to expose the failures of foreign aid in improving the economic status of Africa by stating the historical ascription of aid (Moyo, 2009). She states various methods western countries used to give out foreign aid as a tactical maneuver throughout the Cold War period. She also states the practical inefficiencies of handling the huge sum of foreign money by leaders in the economically deprived countries. She also blames the defective structure of aid that is implemented by countries, which has failed to bring economical change to African states. In her book, she highlights the growth rates of >5% and the high rankings of African stock exchange as evidences to show how the economy has improved in the states in some instances. These are some of the evidence and strengths of Dead Aid that approves the argument put across. Nonetheless, Moyo emphasizes by stating that Africa will continue to be the same, despite the positive shown and depicted by the progress of economic status. Another issue she brings to light is that individuals from African states will continue to remain in the same poor condition, as long as it receives foreign aid from diverse western counties. She illustrates the current condition in

The Effect of Media on Men and Women Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Media on Men and Women Essay In the past decade, media has become a lifestyle for most of America. Our lives are being shaped on and around the influence of whatever the media is saying we should live and act. Ever since the media has managed to work its way into our culture, it has had the largest influence on society. Everyone has started to use the media as a trend-setter that tells us what is popular and what is not. This can be a major problem in society today because this influence is too heavy and pushes people to think they are not important and have no purpose in life. This effect on men and women has been very negative in the sense that it is degrading to people to try to be something they cannot really be. Negativity brought on by the media is consistently seen throughout sports, fashion and advertisement worlds. And although media has brought man negative things, it has also brought some positive influences to society, some would argue, in politics and other areas women can be seen excelling in. In addition, it has been shown to have a positive effect on men when exemplary men are on TV or in the print media. The world today has brought media into everything we do, including sports, which would make sense with it because they are nationally televised. Women have always been at the low end of the spectrum when it comes to sports. They hardly have any professional sport that’s constantly being shown outside of the Olympics. The top two that come to mind are women’s basketball and golf. The media is the sports casting network and has nearly shut down any mention of these sports at all. Sports networks such as ESPN and Sportscenter focus on the male sports of that season usually baseball, basketball, or football. Occasionally other sports are highlighted, but rarely a woman’s sport. The media has so much influence in women’s sports that since no one wants to watch women play sports, they don’t allow them to have professional leagues. A study was done by the Women’s Sports Foundation that showed that about 6% to 8% of total media coverage is devoted to women’s athletics, and about 3.5% of articles are written for female athletes (Cassel). This negative effect is constantly seen and heard by women in the sports world and they still have to fight to get these opportunities for women’s sports. This also is reflected in college where women are mostly still ignored. The Women’s Sports Foundation said that males get $179 million more in scholarship money than women (Cassel). This is extremely unfair. Because of the lack of interest in women’s sports in America, women get less of an opportunity to perform as they do in men’s sports. The media can also have a negative effect not only on women, but also on men. In today’s society, everyone tries to have a certain appearance that they have seen on television and that they think will somehow make them look better. Media makes us want to become something we’re not and follow what’s trending. They make us think that if we have these certain look or live up to a certain behavior, all will be perfect, and we can have all the attention, but we find that we fail to live up to those expectations. This goal we seek is impossible to reach because these models or actors have professional coaches, makeup artists, writers, and staff to help them be who we think they are. It is common to see women get the worst because of their insecurity regarding their bodies. They try to compare their bodies to the models that have been photoshopped or are not even real, but yet, they will never reach their goal. These pressures by the media that cause insecurity in women lead them to do crazy things. These changes can be small, like dying their ha ir, or something more drastic like anorexia. The South Carolina Department of Mental Health showed in studies that about 1% of women deal with anorexia which doesn’t seem like a lot but it’s a lot more than it seems (Steele). It is also very common to see girls starting to diet at very young ages, like nine years old with about 40% of them admitting that they do (Seele). These girls aren’t even in middle school, and yet they are worried they’ll become ugly and fat. Women however aren’t the only ones affected by this appearance problem. Men are affected tremendously as well. Men sometimes become very insecure about themselves if they don’t have enough muscle or a six-pack. It doesn’t have as much of a drastic effect on males, but it still affects some of them. Another negative effect on men is that it causes them to try to make the prettiest girl theirs (N.p). The problem with that is that sometimes women can be put down because they don’t think they have the right look. Th is is a huge factor in today’s society and hopefully it will change, but at least not all things in the media are bad. Although the media has had a heavy influence of negativity on society, it has brought some positivity to society. Women have lately been gaining more and more equality to men in society in many areas. Women have been able to engage in a lot more things, such as politics. Women like Hilary Clinton and Sarah Palin have been stepping out and having a say in what goes on in politics. This is great for women to see happening because it encourages them to strive to have a voice rather just to allow only men to have a say. Media has been encouraging women to step out and have a say. Media has also affected men in a positive way as well as, if not more than women. Men don’t have the same view as women when it comes to the media telling them a certain way to look. Studies are showing that when men see the media on ways they should look, they take it and try to use it as a motivation like (N.p.). For example when they see the public image of a muscular guy with a six-pack, they take it as a challenge and try to work to obtain those results. This is where women typically are different in the studies. They take media coverage in a negative way and get upset about it. However, it is very rare to have positive influence from the media; it can still have a negative effect on people. Media has become a large part of society today and is most influential to the nation as a whole. Many people shape their lives based on how the media tells them to. This has been negatively impacting the population as a whole, and many would agree it’s doing more harm than good. With the media being so important to our lives, it should start becoming more positive in order to encourage men and women, rather than to degrade them. Works Cited Cassel, Jean. â€Å"Gender Discrimination in Sports.† Livestrong. np. 19 June. 2011. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. â€Å"How Do Negative Body Images in the Media Impact Women? Physical and Mental Effects.† Hubpages. np. 6 June. 2011. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. â€Å"Media Images of Female Models Have Negative Effect on Men.† News-medical. Np. 7 Nov. 2008. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. Steele, Melisa. â€Å"National Statistics for Anorexia.† teen-beauty-tips. np. nd. Web. 23 Sept. 2012.

Distribution Networks For Consumer Goods In India Marketing Essay

Distribution Networks For Consumer Goods In India Marketing Essay ABSTRACT In this paper we look into the various distribution networks employed by leading companies in the consumer goods sector. We try to find the benefits of different distribution network designs to various companies. The reason why these leading companies have decided upon that particular distribution network design will be found out in this particular paper.in this paper we see into the role of distribution networks in the supply chain of consumer goods. The companies we look into are Hindustan Unilever Limited, PepsiCo Limited and Nestle India Limited. Distribution networks are channels that move various kinds of products and services from one place to another. They are also known as marketing channels, they are made of independent organisations such as distributor, retailer, sales agents, etc. which are involved in the making of products and services and ensuring them to reach its final consumers. The concept of distribution network is a very wide concept of which distribution channel is just one component, they are tangible systems of interconnected sources and destinations through which products and services move on their way to final customers. Every distribution network has two parts: Places where the products and services are stored such as factories, warehouses, retail outlets, etc. a set of paths that connect these places such as land, sea, air, satellite, cable, internet, etc. Distribution networks can be categorized into complex and simple. A simple distribution networks the one which consists of a single demand and to fulfil that only a single source of supply and a fixed path that connect the source with other parts of the networks. Managers decide upon a particular distribution network based on what and how much they have to ship, based on internal purchasing and inventory consideration. In short distribution refers to the efforts done to move the products and services from the manufacturing plants to the final customers through the various independent organisations in between such as retailers and wholesalers. The main aim is to ensure the products reach the final consumers into the simplest way and also the cheapest way. A good distribution network provides a great competitive advantage to the firm whereas a bad distribution network can lead to the failure of even a very superior product. Hence a distribution network should be well chosen and a lot of thought process should go into it. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR CONSUMER GOODS The distribution networks that the companies usually use for consumer goods are the ones which use both the distributors or the wholesalers and the retailer and thats because it allows them exposure to the wide networks that wholesalers have already established. Products that are of low quantity and of common use are usually distributed via intermediaries and those products that are expensive are usually sold by the producer itself. Products that are heavy and bulky or are perishable are subjected to shorter distances and are distributed directly. The main aim in all of it is to reduce the cost as much as possible. Products such as electronic appliances need after sales service also to provide the customers all the relevant information to use it. The firms that produce large variety of products in large number may develop their own retail outlets and distribute their products through distribution centres whereas firms producing products in small quantity may contract wholesalers as intermediaries and get the products delivered to retailers to be sold to the end customers. For products that are newly launched they need a wider distribution network so that they can reach as many consumers as possible. They need to reach all the retailers before the marketing efforts start hence many intermediaries may be required. While products which are on the last few stages of their lifecycle may need less intermediaries because the sales and the demand drops down by this stage. Firms that are small in size may depend on few number of intermediaries various large firms may appoint large number of intermediaries for a wider distribution network. The type of intermediaries also affects the choice of distribution networks like a consumer goods producing firm may require intermediaries which could increase the sales of the products i.e. the middlemen that are well known and have a goodwill in the market and those who have large storage capacities for large volumes of products to be distributed. All the above discussed factors affect the decision on which distribution network to be chosen for consumer goods hence a manager should efficiently choose which middlemen to choose and what channel to follow for sending their products to maximum population of consumers in the minimum possible cost. LEADING CONSUMER GOODS FIRMS OPERATING IN INDIA Some of the leading consumer goods firms operating India may be: Hindustan Unilever Limited PepsiCo Limited Nestle India Limited HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED It is a subsidiary of UNILEVER which has market capitalization of $ 14 billion. It is an FMCG major which owns around 35 of Indias very powerful and trusted brands and is a market leader in many of the consumer goods categories such as dish wash, personal wash, fabric wash, skin care, hair wash, jams, packet teas, talcum powders, etc. and it is number second in the toothpaste, instant coffee and ketchup segment. HUL products are available at approximately seven million distinct outlets of the country, it is used in one of every twenty eight houses and fifty nine percent of these outlets are located in rural India. HUL also serves certain stores directly and that amounts to around one million and has a wide network of seven thousand stockists and distributors There are about 35 CFAs (Carry Forward Agents) appointed by HUL in the country who serve the stockists with the products. The trade mainly comprises of grocery stores, chemists, kiosks, wholesalers and general stores. It is known for providing tailor made services to all its distribution channel partners. They have about two thousand suppliers that supply to forty different manufacturing plants of HUL that are decentralized across two million sq meters of the territory. HULs approach to distribution is divided into 3 segments based on the accessibility of the area and the turnover per market: Direct coverage: under direct coverage HUL distributes its products from its manufacturing plants to the Carry Forward Agents. From there the products are transported to the stockist or the distributor and finally to the retailers. Indirect coverage: HUL has certain stockists for a group of villages located nearby, the products are first delivered to the stockists from the manufacturing plants and then they deliver the products to the villages around them. Streamline distribution: in areas of low accessibility but high turnover per market, the products are delivered to the distributor by the CFAs which delivers the products to sub-stockists in rural areas located in the villages itself, they are also known as the Star Sellers. In order to reach the rural population HUL started the PROJECT SHAKTI in 2000. Under this project HUL has partnered with Self Help Groups (SHG) of rural women who get trained by HUL and also get support from government agencies and NGOs and they first receive HUL products from the rural distributor and sell them to various villages. They are basically Shakti entrepreneurs commonly referred as Shakti Amma who have helped HUL extend its distribution network to around 80000 villages of India. PEPSICO LIMITED Pepsico entered India in 1989 and has since then grown to be one of the largest food and beverages company of the country. Pepsi owns many of the leading food and beverage brands of the country such as Pepsi, Mirinda, 7up, Aquafina, Gatorade, Tropicana, Slice, Leher, Dukes, Lays, Uncle chips, Kurkure, etc. For the distribution of their products they use the Direct Store Delivery (DSD) system which is the key method for distribution of products such as food and beverages, home and personal care products, etc. It is a type distribution process in which the companies ship their products directly from the manufacturing plant to the final consumers. Direct Store Delivery (DSD) system: Pepsico uses a system called GES which stands for geographical enterprise solution and it is the reshaping of the powerful direct store delivery system. In addition to great products and tremendous brands, the strength of Pepsicos DSD supply chain has been another driver of the companys success. DSD means that it brings their products directly to stores and then their employees put the products right on to the store shelves. This system has a multiple benefits: it ensures the company gets great penetration of all its products that the products are delivered safely and efficiently it also enables Pepsico to provide great service to its customers and gives them an opportunity to work directly with their customers to get the space they need to reach their consumers. DSD system is one of its greatest competitive advantages. The aim at GES was to use the latest technology and lean supply chain thinking to dramatically improve their DSD system and ensure that they could support another 30 plus years of growth. For their customers they have improved their service and accuracy and dramatically improved their ability to bring new items to the market. For their consumers they will be able to improve their products freshness by over one week and get unique products that they want at their store instead of just a general line up of products. As the product is made at their plants from where it is then sent to large distribution centres in the metro areas, also to the distribution centres in the rural markets. Now in this model store orders are either picked at the distribution centre or even at the back of the road truck. Once the orders are placed they are then sent to the stores on the familiar trucks that one sees on the road today. Their sales team members are limited by the number of line items that they can carry based on whats in a distribution centre or on the truck and that means their customers dont always have full access to their full line of products. Well GES changes all of that. With GES the orders are not placed at the distribution centres but are hand held and are transmitted back at the manufacturing plant and the plants are now all fitted with the latest automated picking technology where these orders get assembled. Once they are assembled they can now take the large format orders to the stores like Big Bazaar or other super markets and they can go directly from plant to stores completely bypassing distribution centres altogether. This is the most efficient supply chain possible direct from plant to store. It also enables their customers to choose from their full line of product offerings as they no longer can be limited by what the distribution centre or the truck can carry. For small format customers like seven eleven our other stores things are slightly different. In this scenario they ship orders to small cross dock facilities called product exchange centres. Once the product gets there it is then transferred on 12 truck s and driven to stores by their own sales people. So since they no longer carry inventory on their trucks they are able to use much smaller vehicles and reduce drive mile and that helps them improve their environmental footprint. The other important benefit of GES is that their plant based pick centres are being configured to handle over a 1000 line items which is more enough to handle their growth in the next 10 to 20 years. The pick centres that enable them to pick orders at this scale are in the form of large pallets and are automatically depalletised. Once all the cases are picked, they find their way into the collection area where they are automatically released in exact store order to get to their delivery trucks and not only are they in store order but they are also ordered just like they are at the shelves in the stores. So it makes it very efficient to merchandise their product at the store. Pepsico also uses other methods of distribution such as Broker Warehouse Distribution (BWD) in which it delivers its products and services to the distributors and from there to the retailers. It also uses Vending and Food Service (VFS) which is method according to which Pepsico distributes its products to the restaurants. NESTLE INDIA LIMITED It is the worlds number one health and wellness company. It was established in 1866 in Switzerland. Since then it has delighted its customers worldwide. It is well known for its distribution all over the world and also in India. Its aim is to provide its customers with the tastiest and the most nutrient filled foods and beverages night and day. It has wide spread distribution network all over India covering all the major states and cities and also most of the villages. The company has divided its distributors into two categories i.e. trade distributors and the chocolate distributors. Trade distributors deal with products such as Maggi, Nestle Dahi, etc. whereas the chocolate distributors deal with products such as chocolates, sweets, etc. Every distributor has appointed a person who goes to various outlets every few days i.e. once or twice a week based on the type of area. They take the order from the outlets and either delivers it at the very moment or may be next day. It is assumed that any retailer has a limited amount of money to buy products for a particular day. Hence Nestle believes that sending more than one retailer would be more beneficial as the retailer shells out limited money for a single distributor and hence more distributors will get more number of orders. They have also started an operation STING under which their sales representatives go on bicycles and sell small amounts of products to outlets that are small and not much catered to like pan walas, etc. The stocks that are manufactured at the plants and then packaged finally for shipment are delivered to the mother godowns at various places. The stocks from the mother godowns are sent to the Carry and Store Agents (CS) where they are stored as a property of Nestle. The money for the stocks are given as guidelines given to the CS and the Cash Distributors (CD) via invoicing. Along with the main products they also store with them give aways and support materials such as stickers and free gifts, etc. Note: the wholesalers are not a part of the formal structure of Nestle Indias distribution network for NCR. They make bulk purchases from the distributors directly thereby leveraging on the margins. The products and services of Nestle India Limited are first manufactured in the factory and transferred using a Transfer Challan to the Mother Godown (one for a large geographical area). From the Mother Godown the stocks are transferred to the Carry and Stock Agents (CS) using a Transfer D.A. Till here the stocks are a company property. Then via invoicing the stocks are transferred to the Cash Distributors and finally to the Stockists. At these stages the ownership of the stock transfers from the company to the Cash Distributors and Stockists. Transport: in order to carry perishable food and beverage items such as milk, curd, etc. the company ensures a transport system having refrigeration facilities on board. The company also has cold storage facilities at its Mother Godowns at various locations so that the goods do not get spoilt during storage even for a few hours. Hence the company ensures that the health factor remains intact. They have dedicated Air Conditioned Vans for the transport of products like chocolates from the Mother Godown to the Cash Distributors. The following is the transport system being used by the company: Selection of distributors: The various distributors are selected based on certain criteria which are as follows: Capital investment: the distributors are selected based on the money they invest and also the money they can invest in the business in the future. It is not only based on the turnover that is necessary in the present but also in the future. This is also based on the amount of growth the company is expecting in that particular area. The amounts required may change from region to region. Relevant experience: according to the company norms it is vital that the distributor that they choose should be having some past experience of being a distributor in the FMCG sector. The main aim here is that the company will not have to give him any training in the same field. The company also aims at selecting dedicated distributors hence it ensures that the distributor it chooses does not work for a competitor so that it only focuses in distributing products of Nestle. For example if choosing a distributor for Nestle milk products it would select a distributor who already distributes Nestle products such as Maggi so that he is dedicated towards entire range of products and not only a particular SKU. Infrastructure: the distributor should be having the necessary infrastructure required for storing and distributing the various products such as cold storage, sales men, warehouses, transport vehicles, etc. However there are no fixed guidelines for selecting a particular distributor. The company has the discretion to select a particular distributor based on the region or the market it is serving or planning to serve. Incentives to the Distributors 2) scheme spread over 2-3 months: the distributors are given monetary benefits such as extra margin of 2-3 % if the sales targets set are achieved and the growth rate is high for example a 15 % growth rate means a distributor having Rs 1 lac sales will have more benefit than one having Rs 25000 sales. The benefits can also be in kind such as free gifts on achieving targets. It is always kept in mind that even with such rewards he gets monetary benefit for example by selling it. 3) Certificates: distributors achieving targets are also given certificates of acknowledgment which they may frame in their shops as a certificate from a company like Nestle is valued by everyone. Motivation of Channel Partners Proud to be Nestle The company keeps on coming up with schemes to give rewards to the distributors for achieving targets and also to build good and long term relations with its distributors. One such scheme that became successful was Proud to be Nestle Super awards for super achievers! launched on March 30, 2002. They are all open for the following: Area Sales Managers Sales Officers Cash Distributors Pallet Salesmen (these are the officials that work under the sales officers in order to enable him to handle a wider area of distribution.) Distributor Salesmen (these are sales men who work under the distributors are hence paid indirectly by the company) Merchandisers How does it work? Step 1: the following are the criteria that need to be fulfilled: The targets need to fulfilled to the 100% for the quarter III RDBN turnover growth should be at least 10% in the last year Quarter II. Duration should be: Invoicing: 01/04/2011 29/06/2011 RD: 02/03/2011 23/06/2011 Step 2: all the ASMs that fulfill the above criteria are then ranked on the basis of an index number. INDEX = % RD turnover growth * absolute value increase Step 3: now prizes are awarded to the top ASMs. The winning team comprises of: All Sales Officers in the ASM team 2 top ranked Cash Distributors in each Sales Officer Zone (Index = %RD growth * absolute turnover increase) Two distributor salesmen in each of the top two Cash Distributors The sales officers on the basis of the quality of merchandising achieved select a merchandiser to be awarded. The awards are mentioned in the table below: RDBM T/O growth achieved SO CD PS DS Merchandisers 20% + 5500 3500 2300 2000 1200 15-19.99% 4500 2500 1800 1500 1100 10-14.99% 3500 1800 1300 1000 1000 The ASM teams are ranked at the top win certificates and trophies. Evaluation When a distributor gets selected he is evaluated based on his sales targets but he does not lose business from the company until he under performs for a long period of time. Also the targets vary based on the region where he is located because each area may have a different sales projected. DISTRIBUTION IN PRACTICE (DIP) TRAINING For the distributor and the Carry Forward Agents there are training programs offered by the companies to the give them the in depth knowledge of the business aspects. Following are the training programs Quality System Good Warehousing Practices (GWP) Good Distribution Practices. Major aspects of the program include: Stacking as per norms: First In First Out (FIFO) method is used for Inventory management. The pallets are arranged in an orderly manner that too away from the walls so that they do not get spoilt or damaged. Also there is enough space between the pallets to move around freely. Good Warehousing Practices Security Fire Fighting: special precautions are taken to prevent damage by fire and also appropriate measures are taken to fight fire. Control of Pests Cleanliness/Tidiness Temperature record and maintenance at the Air Conditioned Godowns Proper ventilation All the taxes and licenses are given as per the government norms Transportation: availability of reliable sources of transportation to and from the godowns or warehouses. Proper Loading / unloading: proper loading and unloading of the pallets take place. It is either automated or the labour is given proper training and instructions to handle them with care. Remittance: the remittance is deposited on a timely basis. The warehouses have a record of all the Sales Tax given and the exemption certificates Accounting The record of Receipts and the data of dispatches are maintained in registers for refrence whenever required. In case of shortages they are handled seperately. The Carry Stock Agents are responsible for handling the Sales tax and the Octroi. A different registered is maintained for the freely distributed material. All the expenses that take place are handled by the Carry Stock Agents which are then paid back to them by the company. Handling of Bad Goods: The good and the bad or spoilt goods are separated from each other and are accordingly marked salable or not salable. Temperature control: there are special provisions for Air Conditioned warehouses for products like milk products and chocolates and also vehicles that have a facility for cold storage. CONCLUSION As seen above that the consumer goods in India usually use a distribution network that has few number of intermediaries in between as these are fast moving goods and need some middlemen to make it possible to reach far away locations in minimum time possible. For a company like HUL the products are not perishable and a delay by one or two days can be tolerated. But when it comes to a company like PepsiCo and Nestle they have certain perishable food and beverage items that need to be transported quickly and safely. Hence this means food and beverage firms have their warehouses located nearby so that transport doesnt take much time or they may even use faster modes of transport such as railway, etc. but for a company like HUL the warehouses may be a little far away with slower modes of transport. Hence according to the needs of the firm and the type of products or services a distribution network is well chosen to be competitive and better serve the customers. The main aim always is to deliver the products safely in the minimum cost possible.

Cardiovascular System in Parabolic Flight and Spaceflights

Cardiovascular System in Parabolic Flight and Spaceflights Human Spaceflight: Alterations of the cardiovascular system during parabolic flights and spaceflights The purpose of this research is to identify the changes occurring during parabolic flights and spaceflights, where theres weightlessness. The importance of the cardiovascular system in space, is recognised as well as some of its fundamentals based on past researches. In addition, since parabolic flights are a way of experimenting physiological alterations in the human body, instead of actual spaceflights, the procedure needed for the airbus to reach microgravity conditions is indicated as well. Findings, such as low plasma volume, circulatory pressure, central venous pressure, stroke volume and also the heart rate of the cardiovascular system are stated from past investigations. Also countermeasures, such as exercise and diet are also briefly discussed. Introduction Microgravity is the phenomena where objects or people experience weightlessness. Astronauts and objects face microgravity in space, where the gravity is very small (micro) and they float (free fall). Even though astronauts are relatively heavy, they can move easily inside or outside the spacecraft (Wall, 2015). Under microgravity circumstances, the physiology of the cardiovascular system changes and it reacts unlikely relative to the gravity of the Earth leading to body alterations such as redistribution of blood, cardiac arrhythmia and orthostatic hypotension (Zhu, Wang, and Liu, 2015).These changes may occur pre-flight, in flight or post-flight and they may impact the astronauts health. Moreover these changes can affect either healthy astronauts or astronauts with past heart diseases. Due to the environment, the body of the astronaut learns how to adapt under the new conditions and works relatively quickly. In order to investigate and analyse the changes of the human physiology, various microgravity based researches were conducted, not only by spaceflights but also by parabolic flights and bed rest studies. Measurements are taken in three stages of the astronauts body, pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight, known as the long duration since astronauts are sent to space missions while these measurements are taken. Although, for more data, investigators managed to create microgravity condition for 20-30 seconds, using parabolic flights, known as the short-term duration, which is clearly a cheaper way to collect data. Another way to study the adaptation of human physiology in space is bed rest studies, where volunteers spend up to 2 months in a bed, with their head end at an angle of 6ÂÂ ° beneath the horizontal axis. All volunteers eat, shower and exercise while they are in bed. The cardiovascular system In order to analyse the cardiovascular system in space, some fundamentals of the heart should be noted. A healthy cardiovascular system is essential for astronauts going to space, since the heart functions differently in microgravity and it is responsible for many main functions of the body. The physiology of the cardiovascular system in space, therefore will be altered and this can impact the function of the system. Transporting nutrients (e.g. oxygen O2, food) to the tissues of the body, waste removal (e.g. carbon dioxide CO2, by-products) and controlling heat distribution between the body core and the skin (temperature) are some main function of the cardiovascular system (Evans, 2012). Heart is one of the muscles in our bodies which is constantly in action and it is part of the cardiovascular system. This system also includes arteries, veins and capillaries, all known as blood vessels. Additionally, O2 and CO2 are delivered and collected, respectively, to and from various organs, through blood vessels pumped by the heart.ÂÂ   Furthermore, the cardiovascular system is responsible for the blood pumped towards the heart, due to the muscles of the legs (Evans, 2012). The cardiovascular system in weightlessness When an astronaut is bare in space, the cardiovascular system learns how to function in such an environment.ÂÂ   The cardiovascular system changes in microgravity, since the downward force of gravity does not exist anymore, as it existed on Earths environment. Therefore, due to the lack of the gravitational force, blood and body fluids are not uniformly distributed in the body, but more importantly in the legs, where all these fluids shift upwards, towards the head, resulting for astronauts to have puffy faces and less leg circumference (bird legs), as shown in Figure 1. Fluid shift in the body, leads to the increase of the size of the heart, initially, in order to handle the increase of the blood flow. This occurs during the first day of exposure in microgravity. In addition, due to the upward direction of the fluids, astronauts do not feel as thirsty, resulting to the reduction of the fluid levels after the first day and the heart shrinks (Lujan, Bartner, and White, 1994). Figure 1: Illustration of fluid shift level. The fluids are distributed uniformly, pre-flight (left), fluids shift, during flight (bird legs and puffy faces)(middle) and post flight, the pressure is lower in the upper body, due to gravity, causing faintness to the human. (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996) Parabolic flights and the cardiovascular system Airbus A300 Zero G is the aircraft used by the French company Novespace for simulation of microgravity through parabolic flights, between 1997 and 2014 as shown in Figure 2. Agencies such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Centre, performed researches using this airbus in the stated period of time, but by 2015 the new Airbus A310 Zero G replaced it. Figure 2: The Airbus A300 ZERO-G as it is flying in an incline of 40ÂÂ ° to reach 0g. (Pletser, et al., 2015) These aircrafts, were built for researches due to testing results before or after space missions, by achieving parabolic flights under weightlessness for 20 seconds (Pletser, et al. 2015). More specifically, the airplane from a steady horizontal altitude, pulls up at an angle approximately 40ÂÂ ° in a period of 20s, resulting to an acceleration between 1.8 g and 2 g and therefore, the engines start to slow down, which leads to microgravity conditions inside the aircraft as it reaches the peak of the parabola. Finally, the aircraft generates an acceleration of 1.8 g to 2 g, while flying back down with roughly 40ÂÂ ° again for 20s and then before returning to its initial steady altitude, repeats the manoeuvre from the beginning, as shown in Figure 3 (ESA, 2004). In addition, parabolic flights can investigate how the cardiovascular system of the human body reacts under 0-g conditions, within this period of time by spending relatively less money than actual spaceflights. Figure 3: This figure illustrates the manoeuvre which the aircraft (thick-black line) follows to generate microgravity conditions and demonstrates the acceleration and the microgravity level as well. (ESA,2004) Between 2010 and 2012, Novespace undertook an experiment based on the reaction of the cardiovascular system during a parabolic flight, using the Airbus A300 Zero-G. The test presents a short duration of microgravity, where the fluids inside the body are distributed. The heart is pumped with more blood than usual resulting to an increase of the blood pressure in the ventricles of the heart. The stoke volume of the cardiovascular system remained constant but the heart rate decreased by 14 min-1. Furthermore, it was stated that astronauts were in an environment, where the body lacked sufficient oxygen supply, known as hypobaric hypoxia condition (HH) and since the study is under a parabolic flight, the gravity was shifting as well. This kind of environment influenced the cardiovascular system, where the data obtained for the plasma volume showed a decrease mostly due to HH, from -52 ml (hypobaric chamber) to -115 ml (parabolic flight) (Limper and Gauger ,2014). Another research, compare d the data for humans in supine posture, under normal gravity and microgravity in parabolic flight (0G), which showed an increase in cardiac filling pressure resulting to the diameter of the left atrium to increase by 3.6 mm. At the same time the central venous pressure (CVP) decreased by 1.3 mmHg but the transmural CVP increased by 4.3 mmHg. Finally, as soon as an astronaut returns to Earth, due to the gravity, the blood flow is reduced and that can cause the astronaut to collapse (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996). These results were obtained by researches, in order to investigate the consequences of the cardiovascular system under weightlessness, by avoiding actual spaceflights, where these changes are only temporarily. The cardiovascular system during spaceflights As soon as astronauts enter space, the fluid levels in the body are not uniformly distributed as they were on Earth, which results to alterations of the cardiovascular system. As it was mentioned in parabolic flights, the astronauts are under hypobaric- hypoxia conditions, meaning that the oxygen saturation decreases (SaO2) and hence the oxygen in the blood. It has been stated that the concentration of O2 in the blood can drop down to 75%, where usually this levels should be more than 80%, but if the astronauts stays in space for longer, this concentration will increase back to 85% (Opatz and Gunga, 2014). Moreover, the mass of the heart decreases during spaceflights and therefore the heart rate is less than that on Earth. In 1996, it was reported that the heart rate would increase as the astronaut continuous to be under microgravity circumstances, during a long-term spaceflight (Charles, Frey, and Fritsch-Yelle, 1996). In weightlessness, significant effects were also realised, the c ardiac output increased whereas the systolic and diastolic pressure decreased (Hamilton, Sargsyan, and Martin, 2011). Hence, stroke volume is also reduced, due to hypovolemia which is responsible for hypotension and atrophy of the heart (Levine, 1997). Investigators postulate that plasma volume decreases from the first day and it continuous to reduce throughout the whole spaceflight by 17%. This occurs, because of the negative fluid distribution and the fluid movement towards the extravascular space and therefore the orthostatic intolerance (Alfrey, Udden, and Leach- Huntoon, 1996). A study reported by J.C Buckey et al. 1996, studied the central venous pressure (CVP) in space and stated that the CVP increases during the launch and more in the spaceflight. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was also analysed in order to figure out how it is affected by microgravity. Furthermore, it was stated that as astronauts enter space, the LVEDV and therefore the total heart volume increases significantly. While the astronaut is in space, the body adjusts to the environment resulting to the LVEDV to decrease (Buckey Jr. and Gaffney, 1996) Countermeasures For short duration exposure, effects are less than actual spaceflights where the duration could be more than 6 months. It is really important for astronauts to be healthy during a mission, therefore some actions should be taken in order to counteract these threats of their physiology. It has been reported that somatic stress in weightlessness effects the cardiac arrhythmia (Romanov et al., 1987). The astronauts must exercise and have a healthy diet, before and during the spaceflight, to ensure the appropriate volume for extravehicular action (Hargens, 2009). Also, the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) should be exercised regularly since it increases the plasma volume (Watenpaugh and Hargens, 1996) and in fact, aerobic exercise keeps the aerobic volume (peak of VO2) constant. For long-term exposure in microgravity, exercising machines, provided in the spacecraft can reduce the consequences of the physiology of the astronaut after returning to Earth. Although, studies have not shown the particular amount and type of exercise, that astronauts should perform, yet (Schneider and Watenpaugh, 2002). Discussion and Conclusion Researches within the last 20 years, examined how the cardiovascular system adapts under microgravity conditions, in order to provide astronauts with a safe working environment and physiology. Astronauts are sent to space to test experiments for the future of science, but their lives shouldnt be at risk. Due to microgravity, several characteristics of the cardiovascular system are affected. The fluids in the body of an astronaut exposed in microgravity, shift head-wards due to the missing gravitational force. Therefore, plasma volume and mean circulatory filling pressure are decreased. Hence, there are effects on the central venous pressure (CVP) and stroke volume, which both are reduced during weightlessness. The heart rate is also declined due to these changes, in order to maintain the arterial blood pressure and metabolism. Some of these parameters can affect significantly the astronauts health and in rare cases may lead to tragedies, since they are long- term flights. Although, w hen subjects are under investigation in parabolic flights, these changes are only temporarily. Also, countermeasures, such as aerobic exercises and healthy diet, before, during and after the spaceflight are required. These actions may reduce the orthostatic hypotension of astronauts during flights but also as they return back to Earth. More experiments will be conducted in the future, where researchers will have an even better understanding of space environment and the physiology in it. References Alfrey, C.P., Udden, M.M. and Leach- Huntoon, C. (1996) Control of red blood cell mass in spaceflight, Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(1), pp. 98-104. Buckey Jr., J.C. and Gaffney, F.A. (1996) Central venous pressure in space, Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 81(1), pp. 19-25. Charles, J.B., Frey, M.A. and Fritsch-Yelle, J.M. (1996) Cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory function, Space biology and medicine. Reston (VA): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautic, , pp. 63-88. ESA (2004) What happens to the human heart in space? Available at: http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin119/bul119_chap4.pdf (Accessed: 2014). ESA (2015) Bedrest and ground studies. Available at: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Research/Bedrest_and_ground_studies (Accessed: 30 January 2017). Evans, J.D.W. (2012) Crash course cardiovascular system, 4e (crash Course-UK). 4th edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. Hamilton, D.R., Sargsyan, A.E. and Martin, D.S. (2011) On-orbit prospective echocardiography on International Space Station crew., Echocardiography, 28(5), pp. 491-501. Hargens, A.R. and Richardson, S. (2009) Cardiovascular adaptations, fluid shifts, and countermeasures related to space flight., Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology, 169, pp. 30-33. Levine, B.D. (1997) Cardiac atrophy after bed-rest deconditioning: a nonneural mechanism for orthostatic intolerance, Circulation, 96, pp. 517-525. Limper, U. and Gauger, P. (2014) Interactions of the human cardiopulmonary, hormonal and body fluid systems in parabolic flight, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(6), pp. 1281-1295. Lujan, B.F., Bartner, H. and White, R.J. (1994) Human physiology in space : a curriculum supplement for secondary schools. Washington, D.C. : National Aeronautics and Space Administration: . Opatz, O. and Gunga, H.-C. (2014) Human physiology in extreme environments. San Diego, CA, United States: Academic Press. Pletser, V. and et al. (2015) European parabolic flight campaigns with Airbus ZERO-G: Looking back at the A300 and looking forward to the A310, Advances in Space Research, 56(5), pp. 1003-1013. Romanov, E.M. and et al. (1987) [Results of long-term electrocardiographic examinations of cosmonauts, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 21, pp. 10-14. Schneider, S.M. and Watenpaugh, D.E. (2002) Lower-body negative-pressure exercise and bed-rest-mediated orthostatic intolerance, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, pp. 1446-1453. Shelhamer, M. (1996) Parabolic flight as a spaceflight analog, Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(12), pp. 1442-8. Wall, J. (2015) What is Microgravity? Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-microgravity-58.html (Accessed: 30 January 2017). Watenpaugh, D.E. and Hargens, A.R. (1996) The cardiovascular system in microgravity, Handbook oh physiology : Environmental physiology, , pp. 631-674. Â   Â   Zhu, H., Wang, H. and Liu, Z. (2015) Effects of real and simulated weightlessness on the cardiac and peripheral vascular functions of humans: A review., International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 28(5), pp. 793-802.

Appearance Versus Reality in Katharine Anne Porters He :: Katharine Anne Porter He Essays

Appearance Versus Reality in Katharine Anne Porter's He So many memories came to my mind while reading this story! I grew up in a family (or at least one side of that family) who always cared and worried about what other people thought! Most obviously, the short story, "He," by Katharine Anne Porter is about appearance vs. reality and living with a disabled child. But I also believe the story is about life, the hardships of life, poverty, the innocence of children, the trust children put into their parents, the gossip of small towns, the resentment and bitterness of the hardships of life, being a mother, rural life, denial, guilt, and compassion. Most importantly, however, I believe the story is mostly about the resentment of the hardships of life and appearance vs. reality. Edgar Allan Poe once said in his "Twice Told Tales" that a writer must give her "single effect," or thesis, in the first sentence of a story or they have made a mistake. So, I always look at the first sentence of a story when I read it to see what themes it provokes. The first sentence in "He" is: Life was very hard for the Whipples (324). Throughout the story, we get a building up of just how "hard life was for the Whipples." Through all these hardships, Mrs. Whipple seems to be resentful of every problem the family must overcome. Instead of supporting her husband and her children she complains about everything and seems to worry only about herself. For example, one of the first instances of Mrs. Whipple's true feelings of resentment of having a disabled child (and the burden that creates) comes when she butchers the pig. After she slits its throat, He runs away and Mrs. Whipple thinks to herself "with a stiff face": He'd eat it all if I didn't stop him. He'd eat up every mouthful from the other two if I'd let him (327). Here, I believe Mrs. Whipple's tone is very resentful that she has a disabled child that cannot think for or take care of himself. Mrs. Whipple must always take care of Him first before anyone else since he cannot fend for himself. She "gets tired trying to keep [Him] decent" (327). This scene also shows how resentful Mrs.

Biography Of Genghis Khan :: Biography Genghis Khan Bio Bios Essays

Biography of Genghis Khan The old world had many great leaders. Alexander the Great, Hannibal and even Julius Caesar met with struggle on their rise to power. Perhaps Genghis Khan was the most significant of all these rulers. To prove that Genghis Khan was the greatest ruler, we must go back to the very beginning of his existence. We must examine such issues as; Genghis ¹s struggle for power/how his life as a child would affect his rule, his personal and military achievements and his conquests. Genghis Khan was originally born as Temujin in 1167. He showed early promise as a leader and a fighter. By 1206, an assembly of Mongolian chieftains proclaimed him Genghis Khan. Which meant Universal or invincible prince. This was a bold move for the assembly. They obviously saw some leadership qualities in Genghis that others didn ¹t. When Genghis Khan was little, his chieftain father poisoned. With no leader left, the tribe abandoned Genghis and his mother. They were left alone for many years to care for themselves. Throughout these years, his family met many hardships such as shortage of food and shortage of money. Though unable to read, Genghis was a very wise man. His mother told him at a very early age the importance of trust and independence. "Remember, you have no companions but your shadow" Grolier Encyclopedia. (1995) CD ROM This quote was to mean to Genghis, don ¹t put to much trust in anyone, trust no one but yourself and if you must go your own way then do so. In 1206, Genghis Khan proclaimed the ruler of Mongolia. Genghis was a very respected leader. Like other leaders he knew what his people wanted. They want everything that is good and nothing that is bad. Genghis knew he could not promise this so instead he pledged to share both the sweet and the bitter of life. Genghis did not want to end up being poisoned like his father so instead he made alliances, and attacked anyone who posed a serious threat. Through this method of leadership, Genghis ¹s army grew to the point where they were unbeatable. Genghis contributed alot of items to the chinese and even western civilizations. Perhaps his greatest contribution was a code of laws that he declared. Since Genghis couldn ¹t read or write, these law were documented by one of his followers. His laws were carried on by people though the many generations to the point of still being in use

Joyce Carol Oatess Perspective Essay -- Literary Analysis

Joyce Carol Oates uses loss of control to show the effects of trauma caused from death. The trauma is later turned into the permanent characteristic of being violent. Being â€Å"one of the most prolific and versatile contemporary writes† Joyce Carol Oates creates amazing works related to loss of control, murder, suicide, loss of identity that catch the reader’s attention. (ENOTES) Little Bird of Heaven and The Falls are novels mainly focused on characters that are greatly impacted by murders of family members or someone close to them. In Little Bird of Heaven, Aaron battles with the murder of his mother, Zoe Kruller. The mysterious murder develops Aaron into an uncontrolled violent character. As a young child that discovered his mother’s body, he is greatly impacted by the trauma. Powerless, Aaron does not know any way of managing with this loss other than turbulence. Oates tends to create characters that deal with â€Å"violence as a tragic affirmation struggle to emerge† (TRAGIC VISION EDIT). He even drew characters away because of the â€Å"fear of provoking him to greater anger† (Little 437). Aaron is greatly deteriorated by confusion and rage, being informed that the only two prime suspects are his father, Delray Kruller, and Edward Diehl. Not knowing what to believe, Aaron copes with his mother’s death in a considerably negative way. He deals with this death through fights at school and arguments with classmates. This results into Aaron being â€Å"expelled from school, sent hom e† and permanently damaged. (Little 365). Oates creates a vision for the reader of a powerless child in need of mental help and reacting violently to a tragedy. The emotional distress Aaron struggles through his entire life demonstrates how severely his life is im... ...h having years of experience in English, she became an English professor. During her years of creating novels, she was devoted to running. Running helped her mentally envision scenes for her novels. She finds running â€Å"very meditative and almost trancelike† (Arch 1). Running is certainly a decisive requirement for the accomplishment of Joyce Carol Oates’s incredible novels that she has produced. As a result, her grandmother, famous authors, and running greatly contributed to Joyce Carol Oates’s interest in becoming a writer. Today, Joyce Carol Oates’s continues to write. She lives in Princeton, New Jersey where she continues to do what she loves at Distinguished Professor of Humanities at Princeton University. While growing u p she had been easily influenced through many aspects that showed through in her writing which connected someway to her personal life.

Critical appreciation of the poem “Old Ladies’ Home” by Sylvia Plath with reference to the presentation of old age

George Orwell, one of English literature's most important and famous writers, draws the picture of a dystopia in one of his best known novels 1984. Being considered as a warning against totalitarianism, it is also possible to say that the novel puts forth a road map on how totalitarian regimes work and how certain ideologies are imposed on nations. Creating a world in which the worst possible totalitarian regime is present, Orwell also takes a very close look at the psychological states of people. The writer doesn't only deeply analyze what a totalitarian regime stands for but also introduces the themes of the importance of language, how certain ideologies can be imposed on people and how physical pain can control the human mind. Putting stress on the dreadfulness and the destructive nature of totalitarianism, and also by pointing out that nations can in fact be forced to admire and support such a regime, the writer makes his reader face the cruelest and most realistic aspects of such a horrific repressive regime. Before taking a closer look at the novel, it would be helpful to give background information about the era in which Orwell was influenced to create such a hellish world. 1984 was written in 1949, when Fascism was on the rise, right after the Second World War, when Hitler was defeated and Stalin had performed his cruelest acts. Having worked in Spain in 1936 during the Spanish civil war, Orwell witnessed the cruelty of fascist regimes and had already collected his dreadful memories which lead him to write his political novels. Regarding Orwell's intention in writing 1984, Jenni Calder in her book Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four states: To anyone who was in Britain in the years immediately after the Second World War, and particularly in London, the sights and smell that Orwell recreates will be familiar†¦ In 1984 he translates this situation in to the future by adding details that are unfamiliar (57). Thus, it becomes possible to say that as a result of the world's existing state at the time Orwell wrote 1984, he was deeply concerned about the future and that his pessimist attitude in his novel acted as a warning and as a criticism of totalitarian regimes. Adriaan M. De Lange, in his book The Influence of Political Bias in Selected Essays of George Orwell says, â€Å"The rise of Fascism, Nazism and Stalinist communism in Europe and the resultant tremors in Britain left an indelible mark on Orwell's thought and work (1). † At this point taking a closer look at Orwell's intentions in writing 1984 from the perspective of the Marxist Hungarian critic Georg Lukacs would be convenient. Due to his theory of â⠂¬Å"Reflection† Lukacs claims that literary works would reflect the hidden aspects of the social and political era in which they are written. Parallel to Lukacs' â€Å"Reflection† theory, Orwell reflects his concerns deriving from the political state in which he lives through fiction. Regarding 1984 Calder states, â€Å"Orwell is underlining a psychological as well as a political truth here, which is demonstrated in the kind of mass embracing of authorial influence that came with the rise of Nazism and Stalinism (63). † While the era in which 1984 was written marks itself with political depressions, it also hints that the world was within a phase when totalitarian and fascist regimes were condemned as a result of the devilish acts of Hitler and Stalin. While taking a closer look at the book and the themes it introduces to the reader, the theme of the importance of language gains significance. â€Å"Newspeak†, Oceania's official language, consists of limited words which are created by party members. The language totally deletes some words which are present in the English language such as â€Å"excellent† or â€Å"splendid† and replaces them with an extremely plain word such as â€Å"plusgood†. Changing the language and limiting it in number of words becomes a matter of importance since language is one of the most important tools of expression and thought for human beings. Deleting complex words and limiting language also limits the thoughts of people and enables the party to delete certain concepts from people's minds. As Syme explains Winston how important it is to change the language he says, â€Å"Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thought crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it (60). † Analyzing Syme's comment on language, the reader comes to the realization that it is the language itself that makes people think. Hence it becomes understandable that being a totalitarian regime, the party doesn't want its people to think, since thinking may lead to original ideas and thus to through crime. By lowering the language to a very simple state, the party cleverly paralyzes the brains of its people and disables them from thinking. As Syme continues to explain the real aim of the party in creating Newspeak, he also mentions one important topic about language forming concepts. He says: How could you have a slogan like â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† when the concept of freedom has been abolished? The whole climate of thought will be different. In fact there will be no thought, as we understand it now. Orthodoxy means not thinking-not needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness (61). In trying to understand Syme's remark on language, it might be useful to think of Ferdinand de Saussure's theory that discusses whether concepts or objects would really exist if they were not expressed in language. According to Saussure, what makes a concept present is the language itself. He claims that the world is a whole and that the language divides this whole in to separate pieces to make it become more understandable. Thus, a concept or an object which isn't expressed by language wouldn't exist. When â€Å"Newspeak† is concerned, one may claim the same thing. If the word â€Å"Freedom† doesn't exist in Oceania anymore, there wouldn't be such a concept. Thus, one of the most important problems that threaten the party would be removed. When these facts are concerned, simplifying language and removing words that are used to express threatening concepts, would perfectionalize the regime in terms of the obedience of people. Another remarkable aspect about language is that it is one of the most important things that make human beings privileged when compared to animals. As a result of the ability to think, human beings can speak. Thus, decreasing language to a minimum level in words and expression also means the dehumanization of human beings. Limiting people's one and very important ability to think and speak, the party tries to dehumanize human beings and make them become animal-like creatures. Hence, it would be far easier for the party to have full control over its citizens. While language plays a major role in shifting people's thoughts to fit in the Totalitarian regime, another striking aspect of the novel is the theme of how certain ideologies can be imposed on people. As a starting point, the party chooses to change and destruct the past. Replacing true history with a fictional one which glorifies Oceania makes the already powerful party become even more invincible. As it is stated in the novel: And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed-if all records told the same tale-then the lie passed into history and became truth. Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: Who controls the present controls the past. ‘ And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered (40). The party creates a kind of reality by creating a past of its own. Since when there's no one who has any historical documents saying that the party's history is shifted from the truth, the party's recreated history w ill become the truth. Hoping that there should be more than this in life, Winston tries to find a proof that the past wasn't always like this and that the past was based on a much better world. Winston tries to link himself with the past. He writes a diary using a pen. The pen, being an object belonging to the past, symbolizes Winston's need for the past and trying to find a little something which would connect him the past that he doesn't know about. Thus, the manipulation of history, in this sense, is directly related to the manipulation of people living in Oceania. Thinking that the world has always been like this, people don't have any expectations from the future and they accept the current regime in all its ways, since they don't have alternatives. However, when Winston is concerned, he is one of the rare citizens who think that the past couldn't be like this and that there was a totally different world. Knowing that history has been changed, Winston wants to find out about the true history. Looking at the issue from Winston's psychological perspective, it might be possible to say that Winston, unhappy in the world he lives in, needs hope for the future. Not knowing what the past was like disables Winston to locate himself somewhere in the future. When the theme of history is regarded, the antique shop can be considered as a symbol of the past. Winston gets deeply interested in the shop starting from the first moment he sees it, as it functions as a page from the past, which isn't manipulated and changed by the party. The paperweight which Winston buys from the shop can also be considered as a symbol of the past. Being a long lost object which Winston doesn't know about, the paperweight functions as what is â€Å"different† and â€Å"unfamiliar† and it gives Winston little hope about a better future. â€Å"Doublethink†, which simply means â€Å"telling deliberate lies and believing in them†, also functions as another aspect about imposing ideologies. The slogans, for example, are products of the â€Å"Doublethink† principle. Orwell uses binary oppositions that say â€Å"War is Peace†, â€Å"Freedom is Slavery† and â€Å"Ignorance is Strength†. He then places them as the main mottos of the party. As doublethink plays a very important role in conditioning people, it also becomes one of the most important sources which provides the regime with permanence. â€Å"Doublethink† marks itself as one of the most important tools of the party, since it's the basic element that makes people favor war. The reason why the party wants people to be in favor of war is once more related to the power theme. Paras Mani Singh, Nardeep Singh Juneja mention in their book Orwell as a Political Novelist that: The only way that Oceania can exist as a state is for it to wage a constant war, the whole structure of society and state is geared to wartime economy and austerity. If there should be peace, the citizens of Oceania might reasonably expect better living conditions, better food and less control by the government (123). Thus, the motto â€Å"War is Peace† becomes very important for the party in order to keep the citizens of Oceania satisfied. Making them watch movies of war and manipulating people in such a way to make them laugh when they see a woman hugging a little child to protect it from bullets, shows how a totalitarian regime would succeed in making people become fond of violence and cruelty. The motto â€Å"Freedom is Slavery†, on the other hand, is related to the idea of being free both in physical and psychological terms. Since freedom of thought and expression are threats to any totalitarian regime, the party replaces the understanding of the concept of â€Å"Freedom† through â€Å"Doublethink† and it creates an irrational way of understanding for its people. Due to the fact that the people of Oceania are anything but free, for they are being watched constantly, it also becomes necessary for the party to make its citizens believe that freedom is a negative thing and that it is nothing but slavery. A this point it might be suitable to mention Foucault's idea of the prison model the Panopticon, that functions as a system that disables the prisoners to know when they are being watched, thus to make them act in proper manners 24/7. Paul Rabinow, in his article The Foucault Reader states: On the whole, therefore, one can speak of the formation of a disciplines society in this movement that stretches from the enclosed disciplines, a sort of social â€Å"quarantine,† to an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of â€Å"panopticism (206). Thus it would be possible to say that Big Brother, in the novel, functions as the Panopticon for the citizens of Ocenia, since people never know when they are being watched and due to their fear towards the existing totalitarian power, they act in proper manner when the sanctions of the regime are concerned. As the last motto â€Å"Ignorance is Strength† is concerned, the party makes its final stroke on the big picture by saying that none of these things should be thought through, since ignorance and accepting things just the way they are is a kind of strength. By doing so and by applying these mottos, the party blocks all the ways for its citizens to rebel against the system. The concept of â€Å"Thoughtcrime†, gets under the spotlight at this stage, since despite all the cautions taken against any threat or rebellions against the system, the party guarantees its permanence by also limiting the thoughts of its citizens. Having mentioned that the act of thinking itself is an undesirable act for the regime, the party strictly watches people in all their actions. The screens which are placed all over the city and even in the homes of citizens, completely removes the privacy of Oceania's people. Big Brother's picture staring at its citizens and controlling them in every action they take strengthens the idea of the totalitarian regime in the novel. Looking at Big Brother's picture symbolically, it may become possible to say that Orwell draws parallelism between the picture of Stalin and Big Brother. Drawing the picture of a totalitarian regime, Orwell points out the main principles of how such a regime would succeed. As Robert J. Savage, James Combs and Dan Nimmo quote Jane Kirkpatric's words in their book The Orwellian Moment: In a recent and well known essay, Jane Kirkpatric describes totalitarian societies as ones which drive to establish comprehensive political control over the lives of individuals, obliterating in both theory and practice the distinction between public and private, between objective and subjective, claiming for the state the whole life of people (47). Removing privacy is preventing people from thinking. People mostly think when they are alone and when they are in solitude. For this reason, the party completely removes the chance for its citizens to be alone, thus to think. Thinking is an important theme in the novel since it links the reader to the concept of forming an identity. People who think can have their own views about life and can be considered as individuals. Removing the concept of being an individual is one of the most important goals of the party, since individuality is a threat to any totalitarian regime. As Goldstein lectures Winston in room 101 about individuality he says, â€Å"Can you not understand, Winston, that the individual is only a cell? The weariness of the cell is vigor of the organism. Do you die when you cut your fingernails? (302)† Thus, it becomes plain to see that for the party, being an individual isn't a matter of importance, on the contrary it is something which isn't favored. Since the party only considers being a whole as something important, individuality is something which it wants to completely destroy. Taking a closer look at the novel, it can be said that Winston's ache in his ankle is also a symbol of his individuality. Before meeting Julia, Winston continually mentions an ache in his ankle and when he finally meets her, he mentions that the ache disappears. At the end of the novel when Winston is caught by the party and when he's being tortured in room 101, he receives blows on his ankle. Being an ordinary Oceania citizen, Winston first lacked his individuality. However starting from the moment he meets Julia and starts to have an affair with her, he regains his individuality, for he becomes able to experience something which is private and individual. Winston's love to Julia makes him become separate from the crowd and makes him become different from the rest of the people in Oceania, who have no intention to feel love at all and who only consider marriage as a duty which should be fulfilled for the sake of the party. Sexual life, amongst the people of Oceania is seen as a mission to reproduce and create other useful and loyal citizens for the system. However, the theme of love in Winston and Julia's case individualizes the couple not only in terms of the love they feel for one another, but also in terms of their meetings which they think are in private. Winston and Julia meet in secret places where they think they aren't watched and they get total privacy. Since lacking privacy also disables the people of Oceania from becoming individuals, they are also indirectly disabled from becoming human beings. Dehumanizing people by forbidding them to love and killing all their feelings towards compassion, mercy and affection, puts them in an animal-like state. This animal-like state, however, is totally perceived as normal and humane by the party and is presented as something which is favored. Citizens who don't posses this animal-like state are perceived as ill. At the end of the novel Winston is referred to as â€Å"cured† when he finally draws 2+2=5 on the table and perceives the principles which the party imposes on him with torture. Winston is considered as a person with an animal-like state since he felt love for another human being. The party treats Winston as if he is ill only because he questions the party's policies and only because he loves a woman. At the end, when Winston is freed from all the â€Å"inhumane† feelings such as doubt or love, he is again regarded as a healthy person by the party. When the theme of humanizing and dehumanizing is concerned, the Proles play an important role. The Proloes, symbolizing a rebellion against the party, are referred to as animal-like creatures; however Winston manages to make a distinction between his own people and the Proles by saying, â€Å"The proles are human beings. We are not (191). † Winston and Julia's love affair in this sense can be regarded as a rebel against the party and as a struggle to become humans and individuals. As Winston's thoughts about Julia are revealed, it's stated: In the old days, he thought, a man looked at a girl's body and saw that it was desirable, and that was the end of the story. But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays. No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear and hatred. Their embrace had been a battle, the climax a victory. It was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political act (145). As stated, the love affair of Winston and Julia is perceived by them as a rebellion against the party. Since the party is so much full of hatred, love becomes a rebellion against it. Being an important theme in the novel, Orwell also stresses that physical pain can control the human mind. Towards the middle of the novel when Julia and Winston are having one of their regular chats about the system as they say: I don't mean confessing. Confession is not betrayal what you say or do doesn't matter: only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you- that would be the real betrayal. She thought it over. They can't do that she said finally. It's the one thing they can't do. They can make you say anything- anything- but they can't make you believe it. They can't get inside you (192). Despite the firmness of Julia saying that nobody can make her feel something or can make her think something, at the end of the novel, the reader comes to the realization that through physical torture, one can be made feel and believe in anything. As Goldstein tells Winston what he thinks about confessions, he says, â€Å"All the confessions that are uttered here are true. We make them true (291). † The fact that the party does really make the confessions become true, is based on torturing people. Despite the human mind seems to be far away concealed in the skull, Orwell puts forth that physical pain in fact can rule the human mind. As stated in the novel: On the battlefield, in the torture chamber, on a sinking ship, the issues that you are fighting for are always forgotten. , because the body swells up until it fills the universe, and even when you are not paralyzed by fright or screaming with pain, life is a moment-to-moment struggle against hunger or cold or sleeplessness, against a sour stomach or an aching tooth (117). The basic human instinct of survival is actually based on physical aspects. Unless the physical wellbeing is fulfilled and satisfied, there's no rest for the human being. Relating this fact to the basic human instinct of survival, Orwell states that although it looks like the human mind is separate from the physical being, they are in fact directly related and that the physical suffering has the power to rule over the mind. As this is the case, the novel also clearly puts forth that at the end, Winston totally changes his thoughts about the system and even about Julia. In the end after being released from torture, Winston draws 2+2=5 on the table and believes in it. Again, at the very end of the novel Winston says that he has won the battle against himself and that he now finally loves Big Brother (342). Another fact about physical pain ruling the human mind is revealed in the case when Winston and Julia meet again after being released from torture and when they can't feel anything towards each other. As a result of torture and as a result of their survival being threatened for such a long time, both of these human beings have lost their feelings of love towards another human being. Orwell's message at this point might be based on the theme that after being threatened in existence and after being exposed to a tremendous amount of torture, human beings instinctually come to think of only themselves. As Winston and Julia confess to each other that they have betrayed one another in the novel, the heart breaking truth is being revealed that human beings, in depth, are based on the instinct of survival and that they are unconsciously selfish. The novel states: I betrayed you, she said baldly. I betrayed you, he said. She gave him a quick look of dislike. Sometimes, she said they threaten you with something- something you can't stand up to can't even think about. And then you say, don't do it to me, do it to someone else, do it to so-and so. And perhaps you might pretend, afterwards, that it was only a trick and that you just said it to make them stop and didn't really mean it. You think there's no other way of saving yourself, and you're quite ready to save yourself that way. You want it to happen to the other person. You don't give a damn what they suffer. All you care about is yourself (336). The sad fact that human beings do only think of themselves and that they are selfish in nature is once more revealed by this remark. However, it is also evident in the novel that human beings who are exposed to torture lose the ability to love and think of other people. Thus, it becomes a fact that physical pain is so strong that it has the ability to erase all sorts of feelings which are related to the wellbeing of other people. Due to their instinct of survival, human beings become ready to sacrifice even people they love, to save themselves. Looking at the party from a religious point of view is also a possible theme in the novel. Being free from all the beliefs which are related to God and his religions, people are still in need to believe in something. The party at this point functions as religion for the people of Oceania, since they are blocked in all the ways which lead to a power that is greater than the party. Thus, representing themselves and the divine power, the party introduces itself as God. The religious motives are present in the novel when Goldstein offers Winston and Julia some wine, and later places a white waffle both on Julia and Winston's tongues so that they don't smell of alcohol. The ceremony which is presented here is similar to the Catholic rituals that take place in church. Believers are offered some wine which symbolizes the blood of Christ and they are placed a piece of bread on their tongs to symbolize the body of Christ. Going through a similar ceremony with Goldstein, Orwell in fact makes a foreshadowing that even the opposition, which stands for Goldstein at the beginning of the novel, is in fact one of the closest persons to the party. Thus, there is no way out of the system. If this theme is compared to the theme of religion, the devil, who is the opposing party to God, is in fact an angel and that it is again strongly related to God. Drawing parallel lines between the party and religion, Orwell states that the Party is God like figure for the people of Oceania and that there's no escape from it. In conclusion, speaking in general terms, the novel functions as a warning against the totalitarian regime and reveals the fact that such repressive regimes, do in fact have the power to manipulate people and that they do have the power in making people believe things which appeared as totally bizarre at the beginning. Taking physical pain ruling over the human mind as a theme, Orwell states that human beings are selfish in nature, since they posses the basic instinct of survival. Putting also major emphasis on the concept of language and how it functions in people's lives, Orwell states that it is in fact the language itself that shapes the motives of people and that makes some concepts become reality. The lack of expression of some concepts in language would automatically destroy them and make them become nonexistent for human beings. Despite the novel as a whole appears as a pessimist approach to the future, taking it as a warning and looking at our present state in today's modern world, readers can still feel gratitude for the present capitalist system they live in now and they still can preserve their hope for a better future.